- Iibhere ezibomvu zaseSvalbard, kwiArctic yaseNorway, zityebile kwaye zikwimeko entle yomzimba kunangeminyaka yoo-90.
- Olu phuculo lunxulumene notshintsho kwindlela yokutya: amaxhoba amaninzi aselwandle asemhlabeni nawaselunxwemeni afana nee-walruses, ii-reindeer, iintaka, kunye ne-carrion.
- Le nto yeyasekuhlaleni kwaye yeyexeshana: umkhenkce wolwandle uyaqhubeka nokuncipha kwaye inani labemi liyancipha kwezinye iindawo zaseArctic.
- Izazinzulu zilumkisa ngelithi, ngaphandle kokunciphisa ukufudumala kwehlabathi, ikamva leentlobo zezilwanyana lisesengozini enkulu.
Ngokupheleleyo IArctic yaseNorwayESvalbard, apho umkhenkce unyibilika khona unyaka nonyaka, izazinzulu ziye zafumana isiphumo esiphikisana phantse nayo yonke into ebeziyilindele. Iibhere ezikwi-polar zesiqithi saseSvalbard, kude nokubonakalisa ukonakala okubonakalayo ngenxa yokulahlekelwa ngumkhenkce wolwandle, zibonakala zichuma namhlanje. utyebile, wondlekile, kwaye usempilweni engcono kwiminyaka engamashumi amathathu eyadlulayo.
Ukufunyanwa, isiphumo amashumi eminyaka emininzi yokubekwa esweni okunzulu Kulo mmandla waseNorway, oku kubangele ingxolo enkulu kuluntu lwezenzululwazi. Kwimeko yehlabathi apho olu hlobo lusengozini yokutshintsha kwemozulu, iSvalbard iye yaba luhlobo lwelebhu yendalo apho abaphandi bajonga indlela iqela elithile leebhere ezibomvu elibonakala li... ukusebenzisa imithombo emitsha yokutya kunye nokuziqhelanisa, ubuncinane okwangoku, nemeko-bume etshintsha ngokukhawuleza.
Uphononongo lwexesha elide olutshintsha iskripthi
Ukususela ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-1990, iqela elivela IZiko leNkanyamba laseNorway Baye balinganisa ngokucwangcisiweyo iibhere ezibomvu zaseSvalbard. Phakathi kowe-1992 nowe-2019, baqokelele idatha malunga Iisampulu zabantu abadala ezingama-770ukurekhoda kungekuphela nje ubunzima bomzimba wabo, kodwa nempilo yabo iyonke, imeko yabo yokutyeba, kunye nempumelelo yokuzala.
Oko bakufumanisileyo xa behlalutya uthotho lwedatha olupheleleyo kukuba, nangona ukwehla ngokukhawuleza komkhenkce wolwandle Kule ndawo, iibhere ziye zomelela ngakumbi. Le ndlela ikhoyo kule minyaka iphantse ibe ngamashumi amathathu ibonisa ukwanda kwamafutha aqokelelweyo, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba kukho zombini ezi bhere. ukusinda kwabantu abadala kunye nokukwazi kweemazi ukukhulisa amantshontsho azo.
Izazinzulu zichaza imeko njengesiphumo "ilungile kwixesha elifutshane"Olu phononongo lubonisa ukuba imeko yomzimba iphucukile, kodwa kwangaxeshanye lugxininisa ukuba yimbonakalo engaphelelanga kwimeko yemozulu eqhubeka isiba mandundu. Ukuphucuka akuthethi ukuba olu hlobo lwezilwanyana alusekho sengozini, kodwa endaweni yoko kubonakala ngathi olu luntu lubonakala luphepha iziphumo ezimbi okwangoku.
Olu hlalutyo lunzulu luyaphikisana nomfanekiso obanzi weebhere ezincinci kakhulu kwezinye iindawo zeArctic. Kwimimandla efana ne- IHudson Bay, eCanadaUkuncipha kwenani leebhere ezisezantsi komhlaba kuye kwanxulunyaniswa ngokuthe ngqo nokunyuka kwamaqondo obushushu kunye nokulahleka kwangaphambi kwexesha komkhenkce wolwandle ngexesha lonyaka.
Yintoni etshintshayo kwinkqubo yendalo yaseSvalbard
Imeko-bume yeSvalbard inceda ekuchazeni le ngxaki ibonakalayo. Ngexesha elifanayo apho idatha iqokelelwe khona, le ndawo ibone ukwanda okukhulu kakhulu kwezoqoqosho. iintsuku ezingenamkhenkce wolwandleKuqikelelwa ukuba le ziqithi ifumene iintsuku ezingaphezulu kwe-100 ezingenamkhenkce ngonyaka, ngesantya esimalunga neentsuku ezine ngonyaka.
Umkhenkce wolwandle liqonga lokuzingela lemveli lebhere elimhlophe: ukusuka apho lilinda amaxhoba. amatywina Ziyaphakama ukuze ziphefumle ukuze zibambe kwaye zifumane amafutha axhasa imetabolism yazo. Njengoko umkhenkce ubuyela umva, olu tshintsho luye lwatshintshwa, kodwa alusoloko lufana. ESvalbard, ukuncipha kokugquma komkhenkce kubangele ukuba izihlangu zikwazi gxila kwiindawo ezincincinto leyo enokwenza kube lula ukuzingela kwiibhere ezikwaziyo ukufikelela kwezo ndawo.
Ngaphezu koko, ukufudumala kwendalo yaselwandle kuye kwahambelana notshintsho ekufumanekeni kwezinye izilwanyana ezizingelwayo kunye nezifileyo. Ubukho bezidumbu zezilwanyana izilwanyana ezinkulu zaselwandle kwaye ukuvela kwezixhobo zokutya elunxwemeni kuvule ithuba lokuba kubekho ezinye izinto amathuba kwaye iguquguquka ziibhere zepolar zasekuhlaleni.
Le meko ayithethi ukuba inkqubo yendalo "ingcono", kude kube yiyo, kodwa endaweni yoko ithetha ukuba utshintsho lwendalo luvelise ifestile yobuninzi obuthelekisekayo yezixhobo ezithile ezinobuninzi bamandla aphezulu ezifundiswe ziibhere ukuzisebenzisa.
Utshintsho kwindlela yokutya: ukusuka kubazingeli beqhwa ukuya kubatyali-mathuba bomhlaba
Eyona nto ichaza kakuhle ukwanda kobunzima kwiibhere zaseSvalbard kukuba utshintsho kwindlela otya ngayoZijongene nokulahlekelwa ngumkhenkce wolwandle, ezi zilwanyana ziye zandisa kakhulu uluhlu lwamaxhoba ezitya kuwo, zidibanisa ukuzingela kumkhenkce oseleyo kunye nokuhlola rhoqo unxweme kunye nangaphakathi kweziqithi.
Abaphandi bakhomba indima ephambili IirantiOlu hlobo lukhuselwe eNorway ukusukela ngeminyaka yoo-1950, emva kokuba luphelelwe lithemba ngenxa yokuzingela kakhulu. Ngenxa yemiqathango esemthethweni, inani lee-walrus liye labuyela esiqhelweni, kwaye kunye nazo, inani lezidumbu kunye namathambo ezi zilwanyana afumaneka elunxwemeni nakwiindawo ezikunxweme nalo liye landa, nto leyo ebonelela ngomthombo oxabisekileyo wamafutha kwiibhere ezibomvu.
Ukongeza kwintsalela yezilwanyana ezinkulu zaselwandle, ezi zilandelayo ziye zabhalwa rhoqo eSvalbard: ukuhlaselwa kweenyamakazi kunye nokwanda kokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ezifana namaqanda eentaka zaselwandle kunye namantshontsho. Oku "kutya okuxutyiweyo" kwezilwanyana zasemanzini, iintaka zaselwandle ezigxile kwiindawo ezincinci zomkhenkce, kunye nenyama etyebileyo enamafutha kubonakala ngathi kunike iibhere zalo mmandla ithuba elingalindelekanga lamandla.
Le nto itolikwa njengomzekelo ukuguquguquka kwendaloNjengoko bejongene nokutshintsha kwemeko-bume, uluntu lwaseSvalbard luye lwakwazi ukutshintsha imikhwa yalo yokuzingela kunye namaqhinga okuzingela ukuze luqhubeke nokuqokelela amafutha afunekayo. Nangona kunjalo, ababhali bolu phando ngokwabo bagxininisa ukuba akucaci ukuba le meko ingaqhubeka ixesha elingakanani.
Iimazi ezinamandla, inzala enethuba elingcono
Esinye sezigqibo ezibalulekileyo zolu phando kukuphuculwa kwemeko yomzimba abafazi abadalaIdatha ehlalutyiweyo ibonisa ukuba, xa kuthelekiswa neminyaka yoo-1990, iimazi zinomzimba oqinileyo kunye nokuqokelelwa kwamafutha amaninzi, ingakumbi ngaphambi kwexesha lokuzala.
Kwizilwanyana ezifana nebhere elimhlophe, loo mandla agciniweyo yinto ebalulekileyo. Amafutha aqokelelweyo anceda zombini khusela kwingqele kunye nokubonelela ngamandla ngexesha elide xa iimazi zingatyi kakhulu, umzekelo xa zihlala emingxunyeni zizala kwaye zincancisa amantshontsho azo. Okukhona zingcono ngelo xesha, kokukhona amathuba okuba inzala iyazalwa kwaye ikhula isempilweni.
Iirekhodi zasentsimini zikwabonisa ukwanda kwenani amathole eebhere ngebhinqa ngalinye kwaye ekusindeni kwamantshontsho kwiinyanga zokuqala zobomi, into ehambelana nokuphucuka ngokubanzi kwimpilo yoomama. Olu dibaniso lweemazi ezinamandla kunye namantshontsho amaninzi luyanda, ubuncinane kwixesha elifutshane, amandla oluntu okuziphilisa aze aphinde aphile emva kwamashumi eminyaka apho uxinzelelo lokuzingela kunye nokunyibilika komkhenkce kwashiya uphawu olucacileyo.
Kwakhona kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba iibhere zaseSvalbard zazikhe zabakho ezinye zezona zizingelwa kakhulu kwiArctic kude kube yiminyaka yoo-70, xa kwaqaliswa amanyathelo okhuseleko lwamazwe ngamazwe. Inxalenye yophuculo lwangoku inokunxulunyaniswa nokubuyela kwenani labantu okulibazisekayo, ngoku kunye nokufumaneka kwemithombo emitsha yokutya.
Iziphumo ezilungileyo, kodwa zinomhla wokuphelelwa
Ababhali bolu phononongo ngokwabo, kunye neengcali ezivela kwimibutho yamazwe ngamazwe egxile kolu hlobo, bayavumelana ekuchazeni olu lwazi njengo "Iyakhayo kwixesha elifutshane"Ukwanda kobunzima kunye nempilo entle ebonakalayo yeebhere zaseSvalbard, nangona zimangalisa, azitshintshi umfanekiso opheleleyo webhere elimhlophe kwisikali seArctic.
Njengoko umkhenkce wolwandle uqhubeka uncipha, kulindeleke ukuba iibhere zinyanzeleke ukuba hamba imigama emide ukufikelela kwiindawo zokuzingela, nto leyo eyonyusa inkcitho yabo yamandla. Le ngxaki ibuthathaka: ukuba iindleko zokuhamba befuna ukutya zidlula amandla abawafumanayo, ibhalansi iya kuphinda ibuyele ekunciphiseni ubunzima kunye nokuba buthathaka kwabemi.
Imibutho egxile ekulondolozweni kweentlobo zezilwanyana ithi, kwanaseSvalbard, kuye kwabonwa iziphumo ezibi ezinxulumene nokwanda kweentsuku ezingenamkhenkce. Izifundo zakutshanje zifumanise ukuba ihlobo elide elinomkhenkce omncinci linxulunyaniswa amazinga okusinda aphantsi amathole eebhere, iimazi eziselula kunye neesampuli ezindala, ezizezona zisengozini kakhulu.
Kwiindawo eziseleyo zeArctic, imeko ixhalabisa nangakumbi. Amaqela amancinci angama-20 Iibhere ezikwindawo esezantsi zisasazeke kulo lonke elaseKhanada, eGreenland, eRashiya, eAlaska naseNorway, kwaye azizizo zonke ezibonisa olu buchule bokuziqhelanisa neemeko. Kwiindawo ezifana neHudson Bay, apho kukho ezinye zeebhere ezikwindawo esezantsi nezifundwa kakhulu, ulwalamano phakathi kokufudumala kunye ne- ukwehla kwenani labantu Ibhalwe kakuhle.
Xa zizonke, uphando lwaseSvalbard lutolikwa njengenye iphazili enzima: lubonisa ukuba indlela iibhere ezibomvu ezisabela ngayo kutshintsho lwemozulu inokwahluka kakhulu ngokuxhomekeke kummandla, kodwa aluyichasi isigqibo esiphambili esabelwana ngaso ziingcali ezininzi: Badinga umkhenkce wolwandle ukuze baphile ixesha elide.
Imbono yaseYurophu kunye nefuthe layo kulondolozo
Ngokwembono yaseYurophu, imeko yaseSvalbard ibaluleke kakhulu. INorway ilawula enye yezona ndawo zisengozini kakhulu emhlabeni. ukufudumala kweArctic okukhawulezileyoKwaye ikwenza oko phantsi komgaqo-nkqubo odibanisa iindawo ezikhuselweyo, imiqathango yokuzingela, kunye nolawulo olungqongqo lwemisebenzi yabantu, kuquka nokhenketho.
KwiManyano yaseYurophu nakwamanye amazwe akulo mmandla, idatha efunyenwe kule ziqithi zaseNorway inika ulwazi oluvela ngqo kwindlela utshintsho lwemozulu oluyitshintsha ngayo imeko-bume ye-polar, nto leyo echaphazela ngokuthe ngqo iipateni zemozulu, imisinga yolwandle kunye nokwahlukana kwezinto eziphilayo kwesantla mpuma. Okwenzeka kwiibhere ezibomvu zaseSvalbard akusiyonto nje ebangel’ umdla: kukwangumqondiso wendlela ezinye izilwanyana ezinkulu ezizingelayo kunye neentambo zokutya ezipheleleyo ezinokusabela ngayo xa umkhenkce unyibilika ngokukhawuleza.
Abaphandi bagxininisa ukuba impilo entle yale ndawo ayifanele ikhokelele ekuncitshisweni kwemigaqo-nkqubo yolondolozo. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, babonisa ukuba ukhuseleko lweendawo zokuhlala, ukunciphisa ukukhutshwa komoya, kunye nokubeka esweni ngokupheleleyo kubalulekile lindela utshintsho olukhawulezileyo oko kunokubuyisela umva inkqubela ebonweyo. ISvalbard, ngenxa yokufikeleleka kwayo kunye nothotho olukhulu lwedatha ekhoyo, iye yaba yindawo ephambili yokuvavanya ukusebenza kakuhle kwezicwangciso zokukhusela kwinqanaba laseYurophu.
Kumazwe afana neSpain, nangona ibhere elimhlophe likude ngokwendawo, uphando olukwiNorway Arctic lulandelwa ngokusondeleyo zizikhungo zesayensi kunye neearhente zokusingqongileyo. Ukunyibilika komkhenkce kwi-polar kunemiphumo kwi- inqanaba lolwandle, uzinzo lwemozulu kunye nokulobaLe yimiba echaphazela ngqo iMeditera kunye neMpuma-mpuma yeAtlantiki, iindawo eziphambili kumgaqo-nkqubo wokusingqongileyo waseYurophu.
Uhlobo oluguquguqukayo, kodwa olunemida ecacileyo
Umyalezo ovela kumsebenzi waseSvalbard ucacile. Kwelinye icala, ubonisa ukuba iibhere ezibomvu zine ukuba bhetyebhetye ngaphezu kokuba bekucingelwa ngaphambili, ubuncinane phantsi kweemeko ezithile nakwiindawo ezithile. Bakwazile ukutshintsha ukutya kwabo, basebenzise iintlobo zezilwanyana ezikhuselweyo eziphinda zibuye, ezifana nee-walruses, kwaye bahlengahlengise imikhwa yabo yokuzingela ukuze baqhubeke nokuqokelela amafutha aneleyo.
Kwelinye icala, kuyacaca ukuba olu hlengahlengiso alunamda. Uyilo lwebhayoloji lwebhere elimhlophe lunxulumene kakhulu umkhenkce wolwandleUlwakhiwo lomzimba wazo, ukuhambahamba kwazo, imikhwa yazo yokutya, kunye nomjikelo wokuzala kwazo zonke ezi zinto zixhomekeke ekubeni zikhona iishelufu zomkhenkce ezizinzileyo. I-Arctic engenanto yomkhenkce phantse ixesha elide lonyaka, njengoko iimodeli ezininzi zemozulu ziqikelela kwiminyaka ezayo, iya kuba ngumceli mngeni ongenakulinganiswa notshintsho lokutya kuphela.
Iingcali zotshintsho lwemozulu zilumkisa ukuba ukuthembela kuphela kubuchule beentlobo ukuze zikwazi ukuziqhelanisa nokusinda kuya kuba yinkohliso. Imithombo emitsha yokutya, efana nezilwanyana zaselwandle ezifileyo okanye ixhoba lasemhlabeni, isenokuba ziyaguquguquka kwaye azinakuqikelelwakwaye kwezinye iimeko zinokubeka iibhere kwimingcipheko efana neentsimbi ezinzima okanye iiplastiki ezincinci eziqokelelene kwikhonkco lokutya.
Kwangaxeshanye, kukho uloyiko lokuba ukubakho ixesha elide emhlabeni kuya kwandisa umngcipheko iingxabano nabantuingakumbi ukuba ukhenketho okanye imisebenzi yemizi-mveliso iyanda eHigh North. Ukugcina ezi ngcinezelo zongezelelweyo ziphantsi kuya kuba ngundoqo ekuqinisekiseni ukuba iingenelo ezibonwa eSvalbard azithintelwa zizisongelo ezintsha.
Ngamafutshane, ityala le Iibhere ezityebileyo nezisempilweni kwiArctic yaseNorway Ipeyinta umfanekiso ontsonkothileyo: uluntu oluhlala kwindawo ethile, okwangoku, oluxhamlayo kwimeko-bume etshintshayo ngenxa yokuguquguquka kwayo kwendalo kunye nesakhelo sokhuseleko esiqinileyo, kodwa impumelelo yalo ineempawu zokuba yeyokwexeshana ukuba ukulahleka komkhenkce wolwandle kuyaqhubeka ngesantya sangoku.
