I-Chiroptera, eyaziwa ngokuba ngamalulwane, zizilwanyana ezinomdla kakhulu. Ukufumana igama elibi ngokuthathwa njengezidalwa ezimbi zasebusuku, baye bavelisa iintsomi ezidume njengeDracula. Ngaphandle kwento yokuba iintlobo ezintathu kuphela zondla igazi, zihlala zinxulunyaniswa neentsomi zevampire. Nangona kunjalo, kwezinye iindawo ezifana neTshayina, amalulwane aluphawu lwenzuzo kunye nolonwabo. Nangona udumo lwezi zilwanyana aluqhelekanga kakuhle, Kubalulekile ukwazi ukuba zibalulekile kwi-ikhosistim: Zisasaza umungu, zilawula izinambuzane, zize zisasaze imbewu yezityalo.
Ezi zilwanyana zezezilwanyana ezanyisayo ezikwi-placental. Ngoku kukho malunga ne-1100 yeentlobo ezimele i-20% yazo zonke iintlobo zezilwanyana ezanyisayo ezaziwayo. Ngesi sizathu, zilulandelelwano lwesibini olunezona ntlobo zininzi, emva kweempuku. Bahlala kuwo onke amazwekazi, ngaphandle kwe-Antarctica. Kufuneka kwakhona kuqatshelwe ukuba amalulwane Zizo kuphela izilwanyana ezanyisayo ezikwaziyo ukubhabha. kuba imilenze yayo yangaphambili ingamaphiko. Nangona kunjalo, eyona nto iphawulekayo kwezi zilwanyana kukukwazi ukuziqhelanisa kunye nokuzingela nge-echolocation.
Iintaka, iipterosaur ezingasekhoyo, namalulwane kuphela kwezilwanyana ezinomqolo ezikwaziyo ukubhabha. Yonke iminwe yelulwane, ngaphandle kwesithupha, ifakwe kwinwebu encinci yesikhumba ebizwa ngokuba yi patagium. Yenziwe ngamacandelo amabini esikhumba kunye nomnye umaleko phakathi kwawo kunye nemithambo yegazi, izicubu ezingenayo kunye nemicu yemisipha.
Ngokuxhomekeka kuhlobo, uboya bamalulwane buyahluka. Ngokuqhelekileyo ziba ngwevu, zibomvu, zityheli, zimnyama okanye zimdaka ngebala. Kwakhona ubungakanani bayo buxhomekeke kuhlobo lwelulwane. Ilulwane elibhabhayo sesona silwanyana sanyisayo sincinci namhlanje. Inobude be-29 ukuya kwi-33 millimeters kwaye ngokuqhelekileyo inobunzima malunga ne-2 grams. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, impungutye enkulu ephaphazelayo yasePhilippine inokulinganisa ukuya kuthi ga kwi-1,5 yeemitha ubude kwaye inobunzima obuyi-1,2 kilos.
Enye into eyenza ezi zilwanyana zanyisayo zibe zodwa linyonga lazo, elijike libe ngama-90º. Ngaloo ndlela, imilenze ijoliswe emacaleni kwaye amadolo aphantse ngasemva. Ngenxa yoko, bahamba ngokukhawuleza. Nangona kunjalo, eli nqaku libavumela ukuba babhabhe ngcono kunye ne-patagio kwaye baxhonywe phezulu. Iinzwane zamalulwane zinezinzipho azisebenzisayo xa zikhwela nokuxhoma. Xa bexhoma, ubunzima babo busebenzisa uhlobo lokutsalwa kwiintambo zabo. Lo mtsalane unoxanduva lokugcina iinzipho kwindawo yokuhuka. Ngenxa yolu matshini bangakwazi ukuhlala bejinga naxa belele. Ngale ndlela abachithi amandla nokuba bahlala kule ndawo ixesha elide.
Kukho ii-suborders ezimbini ezinkulu zamalulwane: IMicrochiroptera kunye neMegachiroptera. Nangona kubonakala ngathi kwigama, abahlulwanga ngobukhulu babo. Kukho ii-microbats ezinkulu kunezinye ii-megabats. Iiyantlukwano eziphambili zezi zilandelayo:
I-Echolocation yinkqubo yokubona isetyenziswa ngamalulwane, amahlengesi kunye neminenga yamadlozi. Yinkqubo evelisa i-echoes ngokukhupha izandi. Xa isandi sibuya, inkqubo yemithambo-luvo evayo isidlulisela ebuchotsheni. Oku kunceda ezi zilwanyana ukuba zibone imiqobo, ziziqhelanise, zifumane amaxhoba kunye nokunxibelelana nezinye zodidi lwazo. I-Echolocation iyakwazi ukubonelela ngamalulwane ngobukhulu, ulwalathiso kunye nesantya sexhoba labo.
Kuba i-echolocation ihlalutya i-echoes, amalulwane anokuziqhelanisa nawo omabini afumana imiqondiso kwaye ayikhuphe. Olu hlengahlengiso lufumaneka kwinkqubo yokuva kunye nakwi-larynx ngokulandelanayo.
I-Microbats ifinyeza i-larynx ukuze ikhuphe i-ultrasounds eyahluka ngokwesingqisho, ukuphindaphinda, ukuqina, kunye nobude bexesha. Ukhupho lwenzeka ngeempumlo okanye ngomlomo kwaye emva koko lunyuswe ngokusebenzisa "iincakuba zempumlo". Uhlobo ngalunye lukhupha amaza ahlukeneyo. Indlebe yomntu iyakwazi ukubona ukuya kuma-20 kHz. Nangona kunjalo, amalulwane anokukhupha ukusuka kwi-15 ukuya kuma-200 kHz.
Ngombulelo kumahluko wexesha phakathi kokukhutshwa kwesandi kunye nokwamkelwa kwe-echo, amalulwane abala umgama apho ixhoba lawo likhona. Ukufumanisa isalathiso, bajonga ukuba kuthatha ixesha elingakanani ukuba i-echo ifike kwiindlebe zasekunene nasekhohlo. Ngaphandle koko, iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zine-auricle elungele uhlobo lwazo lokubhabha: ngokukhawuleza xa zibhabha, iindlebe ziba mfutshane.
Nangona le nkqubo inokubonakala iluncedo kakhulu kwaye ichanekile ekufumaneni indlela yakho xa kukho ukukhanya okuncinci okanye ubumnyama obupheleleyo, i-echolocation nayo inemiqobo yayo xa kuthelekiswa nombono obonakalayo. Phakathi kwazo kukho ezi zilandelayo:
Ngokubanzi, amalulwane Bafikelela ekukhuleni ngokwesondo kwiinyanga ezilishumi elinesibini ubudala. Iintlobo zineenkqubo ezahlukeneyo zokukhwelana. Ngelixa abanye beziphatha kakubi kwaye betshata namaqabane ahlukeneyo, abanye batshata nomntu omnye. Kule meko, inkunzi nemazi zihlala kunye nenzala yazo kwaye phakathi kwazo zombini ziyawakhusela kwaye azondle. Kwakhona ukuziphatha ngexesha lokuthandana kuyahluka kakhulu phakathi kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo. Kwamanye amalulwane ngumsebenzi onzima kakhulu, ngelixa kwamanye uphantse ungabikho. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba iinkunzi zolunye uhlobo zidibana neemazi ngelixa zilele ebusika, ngoko ke azinakusabela kuzo.
Amalulwane aphuhlisa iimbumba kwiinyanga ezi-3-6. Ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo, imozulu, kunye nokufumaneka kokutya, ixesha lokumitha linokuhlala naphi na ukusuka kwiintsuku ezingamashumi amane ukuya kwiinyanga ezilishumi. Ngokubanzi, amabhinqa anenjana enye, amabini aphezulu, kwilitha nganye kanye ngonyaka. Ezinye iintlobo, ezifana nelulwane elibomvu le-boreal, zinokuzala ukuya kutsho kumantshontsho amathathu okanye amane. Ukuvelisa ubisi olwaneleyo, oomama badinga umthamo omkhulu wamandla. Abantwana abasandul’ ukuzalwa sele benobunzima obususela kwi-10 ukuya kwi-30% yobunzima bukamama. Amantshontsho axhomekeke ngokupheleleyo, afuna unina ukuba awondle kwaye awakhusele.
Kwiindawo ezipholileyo, amalulwane enza iikholoni zokubeleka, unokuthi ezi ndawo. Ngaloo ndlela, banciphisa inkcitho yamandla kunye nokulahleka kobushushu belungu ngalinye. Izilwanyana ezincinci zeentlobo ezincinci ziyakwazi ukubhabha ngeentsuku ezingama-20. Amalulwane amakhulu, kwelinye icala, angathatha ukuya kwiinyanga ezintathu ukuqalisa uhambo lwawo lokuqala.
Iindidi ezininzi zamalulwane ziye zavela ezintsonkothileyo kunye neendlela ezahlukeneyo zokuzala.
Ngokomndilili, amalulwane aphila phakathi kweminyaka emine ukuya kwemihlanu. Nangona kunjalo, banokufikelela kwiminyaka eyi-10 ukuya kwengama-24. Kukho neentlobo ezinokufikelela kwiminyaka engama-30 ubudala. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ubomi obude bezilwanyana ezincancisayo ngokuqhelekileyo buhambelana nobukhulu bazo. Ngenxa yoku, iyamangalisa into yokuba amalulwane afikelele kwiminyaka yobudala. Kuqikelelwa ukuba ziphila ixesha elide ngokuphindwe kathathu nesiqingatha kunezinye izilwanyana ezincancisayo ezinobukhulu obufanayo.
Amalulwane afumaneka kuzo zonke iindawo zokuhlala ngaphandle kwemimandla epholileyo, kwezona ntaba ziphakamileyo, nakwiilwandlekazi. Ngokuqhelekileyo bahlala kwiikona ezingaphantsi komhlaba njengeentanda kunye neentanda ezindongeni nasemithini. Bakwahlala kwizakhiwo zabantu ezifana namagumbi angaphantsi, iibhulorho okanye iindawo zokugcina iimpahla. Ukutya kwezi zilwanyana zanyisayo kwahluka kakhulu. Uninzi lwazo lutya izinambuzane, ezinye iziqhamo kwaye ezinye ziyi-omnivorous. Uninzi lwamalulwane luphumla emini kwaye lutye ebusuku. Ezinye iintlobo zamalulwane zizihlalela zodwa, ngoxa ezinye zihlala kumathanga anokuba ngabantu abazizigidi ezingama-50. Ezi ndawo zinkulu kakhulu zitya phakathi kweetoni ezingama-45 nama-250 zezinambuzane rhoqo ebusuku. Njengoninzi lwezilwanyana ezanyisayo, amalulwane aphila nge-viviparous.
Xa kufika ubusika, izilwanyana ezininzi zingena eqhweni. Oku abakwenzi nje ngenxa yobushushu obuphantsi, kodwa nangenxa yokunqongophala kokutya. Uninzi lwamalulwane akafuduki, kodwa alala ebusika kude kube yintlakohlaza. Ngeli xesha, amalulwane behlisa ubushushu bomzimba wabo kwaye banciphise imisebenzi yabo yemetabolism ukuze bandise ugcino lwamandla abo. Asikho esinye isilwanyana esanyisayo esikwaziyo ukwehlisa ubushushu bomzimba waso njengamalulwane, anokufikelela ezantsi kangange -5ºC kwezinye iintlobo.
Phambi kokuba kuqalise elona xesha libandayo lonyaka, amalulwane atya isixa esikhulu sokutya ukuze aqokelele ukutya kwaye angalambi ngexesha lokufukama. Ngeli xesha, bavuka ngamaxesha athile ukuze bahlambe kwaye bakhuphe okanye batshintshe indawo. Ngelixa ezinye iintlobo zivuka rhoqo emva kweentsuku ezilishumi, ezinye zingalala ukuya kutsho kwiintsuku ezingamashumi alithoba. Amalulwane ahlala ehibernation anokuba ne-torpid ehlotyeni, xa imozulu ibanda okanye xa kukho ukunqongophala kokutya. Nangona kunjalo, akukho nto igqithisayo njengokulala.
Ngokuqhelekileyo, amalulwane anamarhamncwa ambalwa kakhulu. Zidla ngokuba ziintaka ezidla inyama, iinyoka namacikilishe amakhulu kunye nezilwanyana ezanyisayo ezidla inyama. Noko ke, ezinye iintlobo eziveliswa ngabantu zinokubulala amalulwane. Iikati nazo ziyingozi kakhulu kumalulwane. Ukuze zizikhusele, ezinye zezi zilwanyana zanyisayo zibhabhayo ziyalwa okanye zidlale ngokufa.
Kwiitropiki, iinyoka neebhosi bakhwela emithini ukuze babambe iimpungutye eziphaphazelayo ngelixa bephumle. Xa uhlaselo lwabo luphindaphindwa kakhulu, lubangela impembelelo enkulu kubantu ngokubashiya bengenamantshontsho okanye abantu abancinci. Iinyoka ezizingela emiqolombeni, kwelinye icala, azinawo amalulwane njengokutya kwazo kwesiqhelo.
Kukwakho neentaka ezininzi eziyingozi kumalulwane. Phakathi kwazo kukho i-kestrel eqhelekileyo, i-peregrine falcon kunye ne-European hawk. Intaka edla inyama eyaziwa ngokuba yibat kite igxile kakhulu ekuzingeleni amalulwane. Nangona kunjalo, iintaka zasebusuku zezona ziyingozi kwezi zilwanyana zincancisayo. Izikhova nezikhova zinokutya kuzo manqaphanqapha.
Phakathi kwezilwanyana ezanyisayo ezizidlayo, zimbalwa ezizingelayo amalulwane. Ezi ziquka i-skunks, i-boreal raccoons, i-mustelids, kunye ne-bobcats. Amanye amarhamncwa afana nempungutye okanye imbila yaseYurophu itya kuphela amantshontsho awele phantsi, kodwa alixhoba elingaqhelekanga. Kukho ezinye iindidi ezitya amalulwane ngamaxesha athile, njengempuku yasendle, izigcawu ze-mygalomorphic, i-bullfrog kunye nentlanzi ethile edla inyama.
Amalulwane anemikhwa yokutyisa phantse eyohlukeneyo njengazo zonke ezinye izilwanyana ezanyisayo zidityanisiwe. Ngenxa yolu kwahlukana kwezidlo kukho iiyantlukwano ezininzi ze-morphological, i-ecological kunye ne-physiological phakathi kweentlobo zamalulwane. Ezi zilwanyana zitya izinambuzane, umungu, iziqhamo, iintyatyambo, incindi, amagqabi, igazi, i-carrion, izilwanyana ezanyisayo, izirhubuluzi, iintlanzi, iintaka kunye nezilwanyana ezihlala emanzini. Ezinye iintlobo zide zibe omnivorous.
Uninzi lwamalulwane zizizinambuzane. Njengoko zingabazingeli basebusuku, azikhuphisani xa kufikelelwa ekondleni, ekubeni iintaka ezitya izinambuzane zidla ngokutya. Amalulwane anokutya phantse kulo naluphi na uhlobo lwesinambuzane. Ngamanye amaxesha bazingela ezinye iintlobo ze-arthropods, ezifana nezigcawu, ii-crustaceans, i-centipedes okanye i-scorpions.
Uninzi lwala malulwane Zincinci ngobungakanani kwaye zibambe amaxhoba azo xa ebhabha. Ukuze benze oku, abanye basebenzisa imilenze okanye amaphiko abo. Abanye baxhotyiswe ngenwebu phakathi kwemilenze yabo engezantsi, ebizwa ngokuba yi-uropatagium. Kwiimeko ezininzi imile okwengxowa kwaye ngayo ibamba izinambuzane.
Kuzo zonke iindidi zamalulwane, malunga nekota yimifuno. Ezi zifumaneka ikakhulu kwimimandla ye-ikhweyitha kunye neyetropiki. Zitya kakhulu iziqhamo, incindi kwaye ngamanye amaxesha amagqabi. Ezinye iintlobo zongeza ukutya kwazo ngeentaka kunye ne-carrion. Ngokuqhelekileyo bakhetha iziqhamo eziswiti nezinenyama ezingenavumba elininzi okanye imibala eqaqambileyo. Amalulwane atya iziqhamo asebenzisa amazinyo awo ukukrazula isiqhamo aze asitye kwelinye isebe lomthi elijingayo. Zakuba ziwugqibile umnqweno wazo wokutya, ziwisa isiqhamo esiseleyo, kuquka nembewu yaso, ethi ikhule iingcambu ize ekugqibeleni ibe yimithi yeziqhamo emitsha. Ngoku kukho izityalo ezingaphezu kwe-150 ezixhomekeke kwezi zilwanyana ukuze zivelise.
Ngokumalunga ne-5% yamalulwane ane-polynivorous, oko kukuthi, atya i-pollen. Iintlobo zeli qela zinemihlathi ene-atrophied kunye nezihlunu zokuhluma. Impumlo yayo ende, etsolo kunye nolwimi olurhabaxa lusebenza ukufikelela kwipollen kunye nencindi ngaphakathi kweentyatyambo.
Namhlanje kukho iindidi ezimbalwa zamalulwane athathwa ngokungqongqo ukuba atya inyama. Ngokuqhelekileyo zibizwa ngolu hlobo xa ukutya kwazo kubandakanya ii-vertebrates ezincinci, zingabalwa iintlanzi. Phakathi kokutya kwamalulwane atya inyama kuphela, kukho amanye amalulwane, iarthropods, iintaka, iimpuku ezincinci, amasele kunye namacilikishe.
Ezinye zezi zilwanyana zincancisayo zitya iintlanzi ubukhulu becala, kodwa njengezilwanyana ezitya inyama, akuqhelekanga ukuba ibe kukutya kwazo kuphela. Iintlobo zePiscivorous zihlala zineendlela ezikhethekileyo zokuloba: Imilenze emide kakhulu, i-spur kumalungu angasemva, kunye neenzipho. Bakwaxhotyiswe ngenkqubo ye-echolocation ebuthathaka kakhulu. Bafumana ixhoba labo kwisiphithiphithi esibangelwe ziintlanzi ezininzi phezu kwamanzi. Kufuneka kwakhona kuqatshelwe ukuba kukho amalulwane atya iintlanzi zaselwandle kunye nee-crustaceans. Ngenxa yoku, baye baphuhlisa isakhono sokusela amanzi anetyuwa. Olu phawu aluqhelekanga kwizilwanyana ezanyisayo.
Ngaphandle kwenkolelo ethandwayo yokuba amalulwane atya igazi kuphela, ngokwenene kukho iintlobo ezintathu kuphela ezithathwa njenge-hematophagous. Bonke bahlala eMelika kwaye baziwa ngokuba ngamavampire. Phakathi kwamaxhoba ayo kukho iinkomo, amaxoxo, iiguanaco, iitapir, izinja neentaka.
Ngokuhlwa, amalulwane e-vampire aphuma ukuya kukhangela amaxhoba awo ngokwamaqela abantu ababini ukuya kwabathandathu. Xa befumana ixhoba, ngokuqhelekileyo isilwanyana esanyisayo esileleyo, bahlala kwindawo ekufutshane nesilwanyana baze basondele emhlabeni. Banenzwa yobushushu kwiimpumlo zabo ezibanceda bafumane indawo efanelekileyo yokuluma. Balikhotha igazi kwaye ngenxa yamathe ayo, aqulethe i-anticoagulants, ukopha kuthatha ixesha elide.
Amaxhoba ezi zilwanyana alahlekelwa ligazi elincinane kule nkqubo, malunga ne-15 ukuya kwi-20 milliliters. Nangona kunjalo, amanxeba angosuleleka kwaye amalulwane anokuhambisa iiparasites kunye nezifo zentsholongwane, njengomsindo. Ngaphandle kwento yokuba le zoonosis ixhaphake kakhulu kwezinye izilwanyana ezinjenge skunks okanye impungutye, kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo xa uphatha amalulwane afunxa igazi.
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