Amalulwane, akwabizwa ngokuba yi<em>chiroptera, aziwa ngokuthanda ukuhlala kunye nokulala ebusuku, kwakunye nokulala ejongise ezantsi kwiindawo ezimnyama kakhulu njengemiqolomba. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, ezi zidalwa ziye zavelisa iintsomi ezininzi ezoyikisayo kunye neentsomi. Nangona kunjalo, Zizilwanyana ezanyisayo ezinomdla kakhulu kwaye zibalasele ngokuba zizo zodwa ezikwaziyo ukubhabha. Kukho izifundo ezimbalwa malunga nendlela yabo yokuphila kunye nokuziphatha ngokwesondo xa kuthelekiswa nezinye izilwanyana. Kodwa kancinci kancinci idatha eyongezelelekileyo malunga neentlobo ezithile iyafunyanwa. Phakathi kolu lwazi kukuthandana kwabo okucokisekileyo, i-dimorphism yabo ngokwesondo kunye nentsebenziswano phakathi kweemazi ngexesha lokuzala. Ukuqukumbela: Namhlanje sazi ngakumbi malunga nokuzala kwamalulwane.
Namhlanje siza kujongana nomba wokuzala kunye nolutsha lwamalulwane. Siza kuthetha ngokuthandana, ixesha lokuzala kunye nokuzalwa kwabantwana. Ukuba unomdla kwezi zilwanyana zinomdla, funda ukuze ufumane okungakumbi ngazo.
Ilulwane losana: Ukuzala
Umbandela wokuzala kwamalulwane unzima kakhulu kwaye ubanzi. Uhlobo ngalunye lunendlela yalo yokuzala. esi senzo sinokuhluka nakwiintlobo ezifanayo ngokuxhomekeke kwiimeko zokusingqongileyo, izibonelelo ezikhoyo kunye nobukhulu bekoloni. Kwimeko nayiphi na into, siza kuzama ukucacisa indlela yokuvelisa amalulwane ngendlela elula kakhulu.
Zonke iindidi zamalulwane zinenkunzi nemazi ekufuneka zikhwelane ukuze zibe zincinci. Kwezinye iimeko, zombini izini zifana kakhulu enye kwenye, nangona ngokubanzi, amadoda athande ukuba makhulu kwaye abe mkhulu kunemazi. Oku kungenxa yokuba idla ngokuba ngamabhinqa athatha isigqibo sokuba ngubani oza kutshata naye kwaye awona madoda akhuphisanayo nanamandla adla ngokuba ngawona athandwayo xa kufikwa ekwenzeni isigqibo.
Ngokuphathelele ukubunjwa kweebini, iintlobo zamalulwane nazo ziyahluka kakhulu kulo mbandela. Njengakwizilwanyana ezininzi ezanyisayo, amalulwane amaninzi anesithembu. Oku kuthetha ukuba inkunzi ineemazi ezininzi enokuzala ngazo. Noko ke, kukwakho neentlobo zamalulwane enza okuchaseneyo: imazi enye inokukhwelana neenkunzi ezininzi. Ezi ntlobo zibizwa ngokuba yi-polyandria kwaye kwezi meko, zombini izini ziba nobudlelwane bezesondo nabantu abaninzi ngexesha lokuzala. Kufuneka kwakhona kuqatshelwe ukuba kukho inani elincinci leentlobo zamalulwane ahlala nomfazi omnye, oko kukuthi: Inkunzi nemazi zidibana ubomi bonke.
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Ngokuqhelekileyo, amalulwane angamabhinqa azala amantshontsho awo entlakohlaza. Ngoko ke, amalulwane zizilwanyana viviparous, ekubeni zingabeki amaqanda. Ilulwane elisana lizalwa likhule ngokupheleleyo, ekubeni likwasisilwanyana esiphuma emlanjeni. Nangona kunjalo, Iimveku ezisandul’ ukuzalwa zixhomekeke kwinyameko kanina kuyo yonke iminyaka yazo yobutsha. Ngenxa yoku, zihlala ecaleni kwakhe ixesha elide zize zitye ubisi lukanina njengazo zonke izilwanyana ezanyisayo.
Ixesha lokuzala kwelulwane
Ixesha lokuzala kwamalulwane liyahluka ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo lwalo kunye nendawo ahlala kuyo. Kuzo zonke iindawo apho kukho amaxesha ahlukeneyo onyaka (intwasahlobo, ihlobo, ikwindla kunye nobusika) kunye namaqondo okushisa ahlukeneyo, ilulwane elincinci lidla ngokuzalwa entwasahlobo okanye ehlotyeni. Nangona amalulwane echitha iinyanga ezininzi ekuzaleni, iintlobo ezininzi zezilwanyana ziphinda zihlangane kamsinya nje emva kokuzala, ngokuqhelekileyo ehlotyeni. Xa sele kugqityiwe ukukopana, amabhinqa agcina amadlozi de kube yintlakohlaza elandelayo. Kwakhona kuqhelekile ukuba ukuveliswa kwenzeke ekwindla okanye ebusika, xa zilala, apho iikholoni ezixubileyo zenziwe.
Kwakhona, iintlobo ezininzi zamalulwane ziyafuduka. Kwezi meko kuxhaphake kakhulu ukuba ukukhwelana kwenzeke kwiindawo zokuhlala ezisekwe zezi zilwanyana ngexesha lohambo lwazo kwaye kuqhelekile ukuba phambi okanye emva kobusika. Kukho iintlobo ezithile apho kuye kwaqatshelwa ukuba ukuzala kwenzeka entlakohlaza ngelixa ukuzala kusenzeka ehlotyeni.
Kuye kwaphononongwa nokukhwelana kwamalulwane akweleenjiko. Ezi ziyazala unyaka wonke. ekubeni zinemekobume engaguqukiyo kunye nobushushu. Ngoko kukho ukuhanjiswa okuningana kunyaka wonke.
ukuthandana kwamalulwane
Ukuthandana komtshato kubunjwa luthotho lwezithethe ezenziwa ngamadoda ukuze amabhinqa azive enomdla kuwo. Amalulwane angamadoda ahlala odwa aqalisa ukuthandana ngokukhusela umhlaba. Bathatha iinqwelomoya ezibonisa ukuba indawo leyo yeyabo kwaye baxelele ezinye iinkunzi ukuba iimazi ezihlala kuyo sele zidityanisiwe. Kanye nezi nqwelomoya, zikwakhupha "iifowuni zengingqi", ezizimpawu ze-ultrasounds. Inyaniso ebangel’ umdla: Kuye kwaphawulwa ukuba xa kusenziwa isiko lokubhabha, iinkunzi zolunye uhlobo ziye zibethe ngamaphiko, ziluma zize zibambelele de ziwe phantsi.
Noko ke, akwanelanga ukubonisa ukuba unomhlaba. Iinkunzi nazo zenza ezinye iintlobo zokuthandana kunye neefowuni zokubhabha kwaye zikhupha ivumba elinamandla kakhulu ukutsala ingqalelo yeemazi. Le yindlela ezikwazi ngayo ukuqinisekisa ukuba zikhwelana nazo kwaye ziye kwiindawo zokufuya. Ngaphandle kwento yokuba amabhinqa aqhele ukuba ne-monogamous, kuxhaphake kakhulu ukuba aye kwiindawo zokuhlala ezahlukeneyo aze ahlangane namadoda amaninzi.
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Kukho ezinye iindidi zamalulwane apho amadoda enza iaggregations eyaziwa ngokuba yi "leks", njengoko kunjalo kwiintlobo ze-Hypsignathus monstrosus, ilulwane laseAfrika. Aba bantu badla ngokuhlanganisana emithini okanye emiqolombeni. Apho, indoda nganye ilwa nabanye ukuba ibe kwindawo ephezulu kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Ngale ndlela, amalulwane akwaziyo ukufumana ezona zikhundla ziphezulu anethuba elingcono lokuzala xa amabhinqa efika. Umzekelo woku yimpungutye ebhabhayo yaseIndiya, ekwabizwa ngokuba yiPteropus giganteus. Kolu didi, iinkunzi ezilawulayo zijinga zijonge phezulu emithini.
Ilulwane Pup: Nests
Iimazi kwiintlobo ezininzi zamalulwane ziyadibana xa kuqalisa ixesha lokuzala. Bakhetha iindawo ngokwemiba ye-microclimatic ezifana nokufuma, ubushushu kunye nokuba kufutshane kokutya. Nangona bedibana ngendlela eguqukayo kwaye ngamaxesha athile, kuqhelekile ukuba babelane ngomnombo we-matrilineal. Ngenxa yoku, zihlala njengeqela kangangeenyanga eziliqela kwindlwane, apho zijinga zijongise phezulu zize zinyamekele amantshontsho azo.
Ngokubanzi, iindlwane zifumaneka emiqolombeni, kwimithi egobileyo, kwimingxuma yophahla, iindlwane ezindala zezinye izilwanyana, ii-attics okanye izakhiwo ezidilikileyo. Nangona kunjalo, kukho inani elincinci leentlobo apho iinkunzi zakha iindlwane. Phakathi kwazo kukho iLophostoma silvicolum kunye neCynopterus shpinx. Eyangaphambili igrumba kwiziduli zentubi esebenzayo ukuze idale iindlwane emithini, ngoxa lo mva wakha uhlobo lwentente enamagqabi amakhulu.
Kukho nezinye iindawo zokuhlala apho iinkunzi zihlala khona ngexesha lokuzala. Ngokuqhelekileyo inkunzi enye kunye neemazi ezininzi zihlala kuzo ukuze zikwazi ukuzala. Nje ukuba ukukhwelana kwenzeke, iimazi ziyayishiya indawo yokufihla intloko ukuya kukhangela iindawo zokubelekisa. Kulapho bathi bame baze banyamekele ulutsha. Noko ke, ezinye iindidi zamalulwane zizala kwindawo efihlakeleyo yokulala kwawo.
Ukuzalwa kwelulwane losana
Emva kokukhwelana, iimazi zigcina amadlozi eenkunzi ezahlukeneyo. Okwangoku ukuba iimeko ezifanelekileyo zokusingqongileyo zenzeka, ukuchumisa kwenzeka, ukuqala kokukhulelwa. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ukukhulelwa kwamalulwane kuthatha enye ukuya kwiinyanga ezimbini. Ukuzalwa komntwana kuhlala kwenzeka kwiikholoni zokubeleka kwaye ngokuqhelekileyo kwenzeka emini. Ngelo xesha, imazi isebenzisa amaphiko nomsila wayo ukuze yenze imbeleko ize ngaloo ndlela iqokelele amantshontsho ayo. Esi siganeko sidla ngokuthatha imizuzu eli-15 ukuya kwengama-30. Emva koko, unina uyalucoca aze alukhothe usana lwakhe. Ilulwane losana linobunzima obulingana ne-10-20% yobunzima bomzali walo. Ngokuqhelekileyo badla ngokuba nethole elinye, nangona iimeko ziye zabhalwa apho ukuya kuthi ga kwizine ziye zazala.
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Amantshontsho amalulwane atya ubisi olunikezwa ngoonina. Kwakhona, bahlala ecaleni kwakho iinyanga ezininzi okanye iminyaka kwezinye iintlobo. Iqhelekile into yokuba amabhinqa asebenzisane ekunyamekeleni amantshontsho awo. Ngokudibeneyo bakhusela abancinci, bahlala befudumele kwaye banakekele abancinci babanye, njengakwindawo yokugcina abantwana. Nangona kunjalo, oku kwenzeka kuphela kwiikoloni apho iimazi zizalana ngokusondeleyo.
Amadoda enza kuphela ukhathalelo lwabazali xa kuziwa kwiintlobo ze-monogamous. Kwezi meko, zide zondle imazi ngexesha lokuzala, indlela eqhelekileyo yokuzala kweentaka.