Dinosaurs

Iphelile kwiCretaceous, kwiminyaka eyi-65 yezigidi eyadlulayo, iidayinaso ziye zathimba ingqalelo kwi-paleontologists encinci kwi-dinosaur. Akumangalisi ke ngoko zizidalwa ezimaphiko makhulu ukuba sonke sithanda ukucinga ukuba ngenye imini bazulazula ngokukhululekileyo kwiplanethi yethu. Imvelaphi yayo ibuyela emva malunga ne-240/230 yezigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo, yiyo loo nto yayizizilwanyana ezinomqolo. ilawula emhlabeni iminyaka eyi-165-175 yezigidi.

Nangona kunjalo Igama elithi dinosaur lithetha "icilikishe eloyikekayo" (eyayilwa nguRichard Owen), ayizange iziphathe njengezilwanyana ezirhubuluzayo njengoko sizazi namhlanje. Enyanisweni, indlela yabo yokuhamba ekuqaleni yayiyi-bipedal, kwaye nophando lwakutsha nje lubonise ukuba inokuba zizilwanyana ezinegazi elifudumeleyo. Nge-metabolism ephezulu, kude neyona nto ilindelekileyo kwisilwanyana esikhulu, baya kuba bekhulile kwaye beya kulungelelanisa ngokukhawuleza utshintsho kunokuba kulindelwe. Nditsho, basenokuba baphuhlise izakhono zentlalo, nto leyo eyayibenza baphile njengemihlambi. Isizathu esinokucacisa indlela ekuye kwafunyanwa ngayo amathambo ayo amaninzi.

Isishwankathelo seziqalo kunye nokubonakala kweedinosaurs

Iidayinaso zavela ekupheleni kwexesha leTriassic. Ngaba inzala yee-archosaurs, ezo zingwenya neentaka ziphuma kuzo. Bavela kwiminyaka eyi-20 yezigidi emva kokuphela kobunzima obukhulu bePermian - Triassic, eyatshabalalisa i-95% yobomi obukhoyo emhlabeni. Akwaziwa ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba yintoni ebangele oku kutshabalala, kodwa ubomi bathatha ixesha elide ukuba buchache ngenxa yempembelelo enkulu obunayo.

Ixesha ababekho ngalo yayiyiMesozoic.Ikwabizwa ngokuba lixesha leedinosaurs. Isuka kwi-225 ukuya kwi-65 yezigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo. Ithatha inxalenye yeTriassic, kunye nayo yonke iJurassic kunye neCretaceous. Enye yeedinosaurs zokuqala yayiyi-Eoraptor, irhamncwa elinesibini. Ithathwa njengokhokho oqhelekileyo wazo zonke iidinosaur ezakha zakho. Ngexesha leJurassic, sinokufumana iidinosaurs ezaziwa ngokuba yiDiplodocus, eyayikho phakathi kwe-156 kunye ne-145 yezigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo. I-Tyrannosaurus Rex edumileyo yayiyenye yeentlobo zokugqibela ezikhoyo Endaweni yoko, yahlala ekupheleni kweCretaceous, phakathi kwe-68 kunye ne-66 yezigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo.

Ngelo xesha, imozulu yayishushu ngakumbi kunanamhlanje. Malunga ne-10 degrees ngaphezulu. Ugxininiso lwekharbon diokside amaxesha ama-4 ngaphezulu, mhlawumbi ngenxa yogqabhuko-mlilo olwalukho. Inxalenye esemhlabeni, zonke ezidityaniswe kwilizwekazi elinye, iPangea, ayizange ivelise unxweme oluninzi, ngoko ke ukuthamba kolwandle kwakungekho. Imozulu yelizwekazi yayisenza ihlobo libe shushu kakhulu, nobusika bubanda kakhulu.

Zazinjani iidinosaur?

Lonke ulwazi oluqokelelweyo namhlanje luvela kwiirekhodi zefosili. Phakathi kwazo zinokuba ngamathambo okanye zingabikho, njengeenyawo, inkunkuma, iintsiba, ukubonakala kwesikhumba, kunye nezicubu ezithambileyo kunye nezitho zangaphakathi. Ngokulandelayo, ukuqonda kunye nokufumanisa indlela yokuziphatha kunye nebhayoloji, iinkalo ezahlukeneyo zesayensi ziyadlala. Ibhayoloji, ikhemistri, ifiziksi kunye nepaleontology ikakhulu. Phakathi kwazo zonke, kwiirekhodi ezifunyenweyo, sithatha njengereferensi yolwazi esinalo namhlanje lwezinye izilwanyana ezirhubuluzayo, iintaka, kunye nefiziksi yokuchaza i-biomechanics yazo, sinokuqonda ngokusondeleyo ukuba zazinjani.

Zazinkulu kangakanani iidinosaur?

Kuqaphelekile ukuba ubukhulu beedayinaso batshintsha phakathi kwamaxesha ahlukeneyo eyayikho kunye nommandla. Umzekelo, i-80% yeedayinaso ezifunyenwe kwi-Morrison Formation, kwintshona ye-United States kunye nalapho iifosili zokuqala zafunyanwa ngo-1877, zibonakaliswa nguStegosaurus kunye ne-sauropods. Eyamva yayinobunzima obumalunga neetoni ezingama-20, ibe zezona dinosaur zinkulu kwezakha zakho. Iifosili ezifunyenwe apho zezeJurassic.

Nangona kunjalo, izinto ezifunyenwe kutshanje ezifana nezo ze-2015 zibonisa ukuba ubungakanani beedinosaurs sele bukhulu kakhulu kunokuba bekucingelwa ngaphambili. Konke oku ngenxa yokufunyanwa eArgentina ngo-2015. I-skeleton entsha ye-dinosaur yafunyanwa, i-Ingentia Prima. Kuqikelelwa ukuba yayikhona phakathi kwe-228 kunye ne-201 yezigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo, kwi-Triassic. Kwakhona kuqikelelwa ukuba imilinganiselo yayo iya kuba malunga ne-8 ukuya kwi-10 yeemitha ubude, kunye nobunzima obuphakathi kweetoni ezili-9. Lo mgca omtsha ucacisa ukuba ngokuziphendukela kwemvelo, Iqhinga elenza ukuba iidayinaso zibe zizigebenga zazingaphambilana kunokuba kwakucingwa, enyanisweni, kwakuphantse ukubakho kwasekuqalekeni. Indida yokufunyaniswa kukuba kwakukholelwa ukuba ekuqaleni babebancinci, xa ngokwenene i-Ingentia Prima sisizathu sokuba le nkolelo ayikho.

Uninzi lwamathambo eefosili akumbiwanga, kwaye uninzi lwazo zonke iintlobo zedayinaso ezakha zabakho azikafunyanwa okanye mhlawumbi azikafunyanwa kwanezisele zazo. Ubukhulu babo batshintsha kakhulu, njenge-Argentinosaurus enkulu, iPuertasaurus okanye esanda kufunyanwa Patagotitan, imilinganiselo yayo yafikelela kwiimitha ezingama-40 kwaye inobunzima beetoni ezingama-70. Ezinye, kwelinye icala, zincinci kakhulu, ezifana neCompsognathus, eyayikholelwa ngeminyaka yoo-90 ukuba yeyona dayinaso incinci, inomlinganiselo wemitha e-1 ubude kwaye inobunzima obuzikhilogram ezi-3-4. Kutshanje, nangona kunjalo, izinto ezintsha ezifunyenweyo ziye zasusa "ubunkokeli", kwaye neentlobo ezincinci ziye zafunyanwa. Umzekelo, i Hesperonychus, kunye nobukhulu beesentimitha ezingama-50, ubunzima beekhilogram ezi-2, kunye ne-bipedal morphology efana neCompsognathus.

ukuziphatha kwedayinaso

Njengoko iintaka, iingwenya kunye needinosaurs zihla kwi-archosaurs, kukho ukuvumelana okufanelekileyo ukuba ezininzi iimpawu zokuziphatha ziqhelekileyo. Ngokomzekelo, iintaka kunye nokuziphatha kwazo ekuhlaleni zihlala emhlambini. Ukutolikwa koku kuxhaswa yindlela ekufunyenwe ngayo iifosili ezininzi, ukuma kwamathambo, indawo yokuhlala, kunye nokulinganisa kwe-biomechanical ngekhompyutha.

Este ukuziphatha komhlambi Oku kwacaca kakade xa 1878 31 Iguanodon skeletons zafunyanwa kunye eBelgium. Ngaphandle kwezizathu ezikhokelele ekufeni kweqela, nokuba kukuwa, lixhoba kwenye idayinaso, njl. Into enomdla kukuba iidiphozithi ezinamaskeleton zohlobo olufanayo zifumaneka rhoqo. Ukongeza, enye imiqondiso yileyo yeenyawo zefossilized, eziqinisekisa kwakhona le ndlela yokuziphatha yobudlelwane kunye nentlalontle.

[igqanyisiwe] I-crests kunye ne-ruffs yezinye iidayinaso zibonisa ukuba zinokusetyenziswa njengento yokutsala kunye neenjongo zesondo.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uhlaselo phakathi kwee<em>dinosaur lwaluxhaphakile. Kufunyenwe iintsalela zokulunywa komsila, kwaye kukho neefosili ezifana naleyo yeVelociraptor ehlasela iProtoceratops. Ezinye iifosili zihlala zibonakala zibonisa ukuba ubuzim phakathi kwezinye iindidi zezilwanyana bunokuba bukhona. Nangona kunjalo, iimpawu ezithile zahluke kakhulu phakathi kwazo, ngokuxhomekeke kwindawo yazo, ukutya, imilinganiselo, ukuhamba, njl. Into ebonakalisiweyo, ngokweentlobo esibhekisela kuzo.