Namhlanje wonke umntu unokufumana umfanekiso wezilwanyana ezirhubuluzayo ezinkulu ezazihlala emhlabeni kwizigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo: iidinosaurs. Kodwa inzululwazi iye yazichaza njani ezi titan ngokuchane kangaka? Zichane kangakanani ezi nkcazelo? Iimpendulo zale mibuzo zifumaneka kwiifosili zedayinaso, eziziintsalela zezinto eziphilayo.
Imvelaphi yegama elithi "fossils" ligama lesiLatini elithi "fossilis", eliguqulelwe lithetha "ummbi". Iintsalela ezigrunjiweyo zezilwanyana zangaphambili zigcinwe kumatye e-sedimentary. Nangona kunjalo, ukubunjwa kwayo kwakunokuchatshazelwa kukukhanya kunye nokuguqulwa okukhulu okanye ukuguqulwa. Inzululwazi ejongene nokufunda ngeefosili ibizwa ngokuba yiPaleontology. Ngaphakathi koku, kukho iinzululwazi ezikhethekileyo ezahlukeneyo: i-paleobiology ifunda ngezinto eziphilayo zangaphambi kokubhalwa kwembali, i-biochronology iphonononga ixesha ekwakuphilwa ngalo izinto eziphilayo, kunye ne-taphonomy ijongana neenkqubo ezibandakanyekayo kwifosili.
iintlobo zeefosili
Iindidi ezininzi ezahlukeneyo zeefosili ziyaziwa namhlanje, ezona zindala ziistromatolites. Nangona kunjalo, ezona fossils zixhaphakileyo ngamalungu eenkumba, amathambo okanye ammonoidea ezijike zaba ngamatye. Uninzi lwezi zinto zihlala zigcina iinkcukacha zangaphambili, ezifana neendawo ezincinci kunye neepores, ezizalisa iiminerali ngokuhamba kwexesha.
Iifosili zibonisa kuphela iindawo ezinzima eziphilayo, njengamaqokobhe, amathambo okanye iziqu zemithi. Nangona kunjalo, izihlunu ezithambileyo zinokuba neefosili ukuba isilwanyana okanye isityalo singcwatywe kudidi olukhethekileyo lodaka olunomgangatho ophantsi weoksijini okanye ongenawo.
Ezona ziganeko zimangalisayo zeefosili ezifunyenweyo ziimammoths ezinoboya. Imizekelo epheleleyo yezi zilwanyana zanyisayo zangaphambili yafunyanwa kumhlaba onomkhenkce. Ukongeza, inyama yezi zigebenga yayikhenkceke kangangokuba kunokuthiwa iyatyiwa emva kweminyaka engamawaka angama-20. Amatye amandulo akutshanje agqalwa njengalawo ayephila emhlabeni ebudeni bexesha lokugqibela lomkhenkce, kwiminyaka eli-13 XNUMX eyadlulayo. Iintsalela ukusuka eras kamva, ezifana Neolithic kunye Metal Ages, zibizwa subfossils.
iifossils
Ii-Ichnofossils zezophando lwePaleoichnology. Ezi ziintsalela zeenyawo, iindlwane, amaqanda, iidepositions kunye nezinye iintlobo zembonakalo. Ngokuba neempawu zabo, banokuhlelwa kwiparataxa: ichnospecies kunye ne-ichnogenus. I-Parataxa ngamaqela eengoma zefosili ngokweempawu ezinokuba nazo ngokufanayo, ezifana nolwakhiwo, ukusebenza, okanye ubungakanani, phakathi kwezinye. Ngaloo ndlela, kuyenzeka ukuba i-organism in the fossil ibe liqela eliphezulu lebhayoloji okanye i-taxon.
Kukho iinguqulelo ezininzi ze-ichnofossils:
- I-Ethological: Luxanduva lokufunda ukuba yintoni na isimilo sento ephilayo.
- IPhylogenetics: Ilawula iparataxa kwaye imisela uhlobo lwento ephilayo.
- Taphonomics: Uphononongo lwendawo yokuqala yezinto eziphilayo kunye neenkqubo zetaphonomic ekusenokwenzeka ukuba idlule kuzo.
- I-Paleoecological: Oku kuphononongwa ngeseti ye-ichnofossils efunyenwe kwindawo enye.
- I-Sedimentology: Ihlalutya ukubunjwa kunye neemeko zokusingqongileyo ekunokuthi zihlupheke.
Ngaphakathi kweefosili zedayinaso, ukufunyaniswa kweendlwane kunye namaqanda kuye kwafunyanwa kakhulu. Enkosi kubo, Izazi ngezidalwa zamandulo ziye zakwazi ukufumanisa ukuba zeziphi ii<em>dinosaur ezazihlala emhlambini, ezingazange zibekho, yaye zingaphi eziselula ezazinokuba nazo.
iifosili
Ii-Microfossils zonke zincinci kakhulu ukuba zingafundwa ngeliso lomntu. Kukho iindlela ezimbini zokwahlula iintsalela ezincinci zeprokaryotes kunye ne-eukaryotes. Ngokubanzi, ubungakanani beprokaryotes buncinci kuneeukaryotes. Kwakhona, iieukaryotes zithande ukuba neemilo ezintsonkothileyo, kuba zinecytoskeleton.
i-fossil resin
I-fossil resin, ekwabizwa ngokuba yi-amber, ifunyenwe kwihlabathi liphela. Yifossilized resin evela kwimithi eyayikho kwizigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo. I-Amber ibonakala njengelitye elityheli eligcina ifosili ngaphakathi. Ngokuqhelekileyo ezi zizilwanyana ezincinci, njengezinambuzane, ezazikade zivalelwe kwintlaka.
Olu hlobo lwefosili luya kuvakala luqhelekile kwabaninzi, kuba lunendima ethile kwisaga ye "Jurassic Park". Kuzo zombini iinoveli kunye neemuvi, ingcongconi ebanjwe kwi-amber ngumthombo we-DNA ukudala iidinosaurs. Kamva siza kuxoxa ngale ndlela yokukhupha i-DNA kwiifosili.
iipseudofossils
Ngeenkqubo ezahlukeneyo zejoloji, iifom zezinto eziphilayo ziye zabonakala njengeepateni zamatye, ezibizwa ngokuba ziipseudofossils. Ezi ntsalela kulula ukuzitolika ngendlela engeyiyo kwaye zibangele impikiswano enkulu kwihlabathi le-paleontology. Nangona kunjalo, kukho ezinye ezigcinwe kakuhle ngokwaneleyo ukubona izakhiwo ezicacileyo zomzimba zezinto eziphilayo. Umzekelo woku ngamathambo eedinosaurs zaselwandle ezifana ne-ammonite, ebonakala kumfanekiso ongasentla.
ifosili ephilayo
Eli gama lingekho sikweni lisetyenziselwa ukubhekisa ku iintlobo eziphilayo eziphantse zifane neentlobo ezingasekhoyo. Umzekelo kule meko yi-Lingula, eyi-brachiopod ekhoyo namhlanje, kodwa i-fossil yayo ihlala ivela kwi-Cenozoic. I-coelacanth ngomnye umzekelo. Le ntlanzi ifunyenwe ngo-1938 kunxweme lwase-Afrika, xa kwakucingelwa ukuba yaphela kwi-70 yezigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo.
Iifosili ezineDNA
Uphando lwakutsha nje lubonisa ukuba kuyenzeka ukuba kutsalwe umkhondo weDNA ofunyenwe kwiifosili kwaye ubakhulise ngePCR. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, iimvavanyo sele zenziwe ngokulandelelana kwe-DNA evela kumammoth, Neanderthals, izityalo ezahlukeneyo kunye neebhaktheriya. Ngokusebenzisa i-DNA yefosili, unxulumano lwephylogenetic phakathi kwetaxa eyahlukeneyo kunye namazinga azo enguqu anokumiselwa. Nangona kunjalo, iimpikiswano zihlala malunga nokuthembeka kweenkqubo ezisetyenzisiweyo.
Njengoko sele sibonile kwaye sifunde kwi-saga "Jurassic Park", bakhupha i-DNA yeedinosaur kwingcongconi efunxa igazi eyayibanjwe kwi-resin yomthi kwizigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo. Nangona kunjalo, le ndlela ayisebenzi, ubuncinane ngenjongo abayiphakamisayo kwi-saga. Izazinzulu ziye zakwazi ukukhupha igazi kwizinambuzane ezivaleleke kwintlaka, kungekhona kwezinye izilwanyana.
Nangona kunjalo, kukho ezinye iindlela zokukhupha, ezifana neekristale zamathambo. Ngamanye amaxesha iikristale zenza emathanjeni. Ezi kristale zisenokuba ne-DNA ezithi iingcali zikwimeko entle. Okokugqibela, kusasele ukukhankanya ukutsalwa ngokuthe ngqo kwefosili. Ngokutsho kwezazinzulu zaseArgentina, i-DNA isala kwintsalela, nasemva kwezigidi zeminyaka. Ke ngoko, kuya kuba nokwenzeka ukukhupha iisampulu zeDNA kwiifosili zedinosaur.
Ukubaluleka kweefosili kwinzululwazi
Ngaphandle kwepaleology, iifosili zibaluleke kakhulu kwezinye iinkalo, ezifana nebhayoloji yendaleko okanye ijoloji. Ngokusebenzisa ulwazi esinalo namhlanje malunga nokuvela kweentlobo, iileya zomhlaba zingabhalwa ngokwenqanaba lolondolozo kunye neqela le-taxonomic apho amathambo ahlala khona. Ngombulelo kule ntsalela ye-prehistoric, kuye kwenzeka ukumisela uninzi lweeyunithi kunye nezahlulo zemilinganiselo yokulandelelana kweziganeko ezisetyenziswe kwi-stratigraphy. Ngaphandle koko, Iifosili zinika ulwazi malunga nokuvela kwamatye.
Uphando lwefosili luyaqhuba, ixesha ngalinye kusetyenziswa iindlela zokuhlalutya zale mihla. Ezi zinokukhokelela kwi uqwalaselo olutsha olubangela ukuba iingcali zicinge ngokutsha ngeethiyori kunye neengqikelelo zangaphambili.
Amathambo edayinaso abaluleke kakhulu
Kukho iifosili ezininzi zedayinaso eziphawule i-paleontology. Phakathi kwazo kukho ifosili yeMegalosaurus. Yayiyifosili yokuqala eyafunyanwa ngo-1676 kwaye, ke ngoko, eyokuqala yamkelwa njengedayinaso. Ekuqaleni abafumani bacinga ukuba ngamathambo abantu abakhulu. Ngomnyaka we-1824, uWilliam Buckland wafumanisa umhlathi ongezantsi, ama-vertebrae amaninzi kunye nezinye iintsalela ezazingasuki kumntu omnye, kodwa owawulawula ingcamango yabantu abakhulu kwaye wavelisa igama leedinosaurs.
USue akanakuphoswa phakathi kwezona ntsalela zibalulekileyo zedayinaso. Yeyona fossil inkulu nepheleleyo yeTyrannosaurus Rex eyakha yafunyanwa. Ngaphandle kokufumana i-90% yamathambo alo mntu, Ngomnye wamathambo agcinwe kakuhle. Ifumana igama layo kumfumani wayo: uSue Hendrickson. Wafumana amathambo alo mfanekiso ngowe-1990. Kucingelwa ukuba yafikelela kumlinganiselo obona bukhulu xa ineminyaka eli-19 ubudala yaza yasweleka ineminyaka engama-28 ubudala. Iintsalela zezinye iiTyrannosaurs Rex ezincinci zafunyanwa kwikwari enye. Oku kufunyanisiweyo kukhokelele ekucingeni ukuba esi sigebenga sezilwanyana ezitya inyama sisenokuba sasihlala emihlambini.
Okokugqibela kuhlala kuqaqambisa eyesibini yeefosili zedayinaso eziza kufunyanwa: I-Iguanodon. Yathiywa ngegama likaGidiyon Mantell kwaye lithetha "izinyo le-iguana". Esi silwanyana sinokhakhakhakha olukhulu sinokuhamba ngemilenze emine okanye ngemilenze yayo emibini yangasemva. Kuquka nomsila, inokufikelela ubude beemitha ezili-13.
Ukuqukumbela, ke ngoko sinokuthi ngumbulelo kwiifosili ukuba sinolwazi oluninzi malunga nezi zidalwa zangaphambili. Zisincedile ukuba siwaqonde ngcono amaxesha asemva kwethu, amaleko omhlaba kunye nejoloji, izilwanyana kunye nendalo esingqongileyo eye yafunyanwa leli hlabathi. Eyona nto inomdla kakhulu iya kuqhubeka kukuba, nangona yonke into, ininzi yeentlobo eziye zabakho azaziwa, isizathu esikhokelela ekubeni sicinge ukuba kuya kubakho ukufunyaniswa kwexesha elizayo. Ulwazi lwethu lwexesha elidlulileyo alukafiki esiphelweni.