Kwizigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo, izirhubuluzi ezinkulu ezibizwa ngokuba zii<em>dinosaur zazizulazula emhlabeni. Ixesha lokulawula kwakhe libizwa ngokuba yiMesozoic, Yayiyesibini okanye yayiyiMesozoic. Kwinqanaba le-zoo, ikwabizwa ngokuba lixesha leedinosaurs. Ukuthetha ngezityalo, inegama lexesha le-cycad. Kukwi-eon ye-Phanerozoic eyahlulahlulwe yaba ngamanqanaba amathathu exesha le-geological kunye nalo myalelo wamandulo: i-Paleozoic, i-Mesozoic kunye ne-Cenozoic. Kungoko igama elithi "Mesozoic", elivela kwisiGrike kwaye lithetha "ubomi obuphakathi". Ukuqala kweli xesha kwakuyiminyaka ezigidi ezingama-251 eyadlulayo kwaye lafikelela esiphelweni kwiminyaka ezizigidi ezingama-66 eyadlulayo.
Ebudeni belo xesha, ii<em>dinosaur yayingezizo kuphela abemi bomhlaba. Kwakhona ezinye iintlanzi, iingwenya nezinye izilwanyana ezirhubuluzayo, ezinjengofudo, ziye zakhula ebudeni bale minyaka i-185 yezigidi. Ukongezelela, izilwanyana ezanyisayo, iintaka, ii<em>angiosperms nezityalo ezidubulayo zaqalisa ukuvela. Ngokuphathelele izilwanyana ezingenamqolo, ezona zibalaseleyo yayizii-ammonites, iibelemnites kunye neecephalopods. Ngokwendawo, ngexesha leedinosaurs ummandla omkhulu welizwekazi iPangea wawuqhekeka ngokuthe ngcembe kwaye amazwekazi aphuma kolu lwahlulo ayehamba ade ahlala kwindawo akuyo ngoku.
Ubudala bokwahlulwahlulwa kweDinosaurs
I-Mesozoic yahlulwe yangamaxesha amathathu, athi wona ahlanganiswe ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo aneminyaka eyahlukeneyo. Amaxesha yiTriassic, Jurassic, kunye neCretaceous. Kumda ophantsi weMesozoic, ukutshatyalaliswa kobunzima bePermian-Triassic kwenzeka. Ngelo xesha, i-70% yezilwanyana eziphila emhlabeni kunye phakathi kwe-90% kunye ne-96% yazo zonke iintlobo zezilwanyana zaselwandle zanyamalala. Kuba ithathwa njengeyona ndawo inkulu yokutshabalala kweyakhe yabakho, ikwabizwa ngokuba yi "Great Dying" okanye "Great Dying". Ngokubhekiselele kumda ophezulu we-Mesozoic, ubekwe kwi-Cretaceous-Tertiary mass extinction. Iingcali ziqikelela ukuba yenzeke ngenxa yempembelelo ye-asteroid emhlabeni, eyayingunobangela we-Chicxulub crater eYucatan. Ngeli xesha i-50% yazo zonke iindidi zelo xesha zanyamalala. Le pesenti ibandakanya zonke iidinosaurs ezingezizo iintaka.
Ixesha le-Triassic
Eyokuqala kumaxesha amathathu exesha leedinosaurs yiTriassic. Oku kwaqala kwiminyaka ezigidi ezingama-252 eyadlulayo kwaye kwaphela malunga nezigidi ezingama-201 zeminyaka eyadlulayo. Yahlulahlulwe yangamaxesha amathathu aneminyaka eyahlukileyo:
- I-Triassic esezantsi / yokuqala
Ubudala: Induense kunye ne-Olenekiense. - I-Middle Triassic
Ubudala: iAnisia kunye neLadinian. - Late/Late Triassic
Ubudala: Carnian, Norian, kunye noRhaetian.
[i-url enxulumeneyo=»https://infoanimales.net/dinosaurs/ichthyosaur/»]
Ngeli xesha, ii-archosaurs zazibaluleke kakhulu. Babelawula isibhakabhaka njengee<em>pterosaur, iilwandle njengee<em>nothosaur nee<em>ichthyosaur, yaye umhlaba njenge<em>dinosaur. Ezinye izilwanyana, ezinje ngeecynodonts, zavela ngokucutheka kwaye zaye zafana nezilwanyana ezanyisayo ngenkangeleko, de ekugqibeleni zaba yinto enye. Icrocodilia, intlanzi enamathambo, iikorale eziphilayo, kunye nezinambuzane ezininzi zale mihla nazo ziyavela. Kwakhona, ii-amphibians ezinkulu zasemanzini kunye nezityalo ze-genus Dicroidium zazixhaphake kakhulu ngelo xesha.
Ixesha leJurassic
IJurassic yaqala kwiminyaka eyi-201 yezigidi eyadlulayo kwaye yaphela kwi-152 yezigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo. Njengomanduleli wayo, yahlulwe yangamaxesha amathathu kunye nobudala babo:
- I-Jurassic esezantsi / yokuqala
Ubudala: iHettangian, iSinemurian, iPliensbachian, kunye neToarcian. - ijurassic ephakathi
Ubudala: Aalenian, Bajocian, Bathonian kunye neCallovian. - IJurassic ePhezulu/emva kwexesha
Ubudala: IOxford, iKimmeridgian kunye neTithonian.
Kwinqanaba lebhotani, i-gymnosperms kunye neefern zixhaphake kakhulu. Ngokuphathelele iidinosaurs, olona phawu lweli xesha zii-sauropods, stegosaurs, kunye neecarnosaurs. Izilwanyana ezanyisayo ngelo xesha zixhaphakile kodwa zincinci. Ngaphandle koko, amacikilishe neentaka zokuqala ziyavela. Ngokuphathelele ubomi basemanzini, iiplesiosaurs kunye ne-ichthyosaurs zahlukene kwaye kukho intabalala yee-ammonites, i-belemnites kunye ne-bivalves. Ezinye izidalwa ezihlala emanzini zixhaphakile yistarfish, crinoids, sponges, rhinconellids, kunye ne terebratulid brachiopods. Ngexesha leJurassic kwenzeka isiganeko esibalulekileyo: Ummandla omkhulu welizwekazi iPangea wahlukana kubini, wenza iGondwana kunye neLaurasia.
Ixesha leCretaceous
Ixesha lokugqibela lobudala bedayinaso ekugqibeleni laqala malunga ne-152 yezigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo kwaye yaphela kwi-72 yezigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo. I-Cretaceous yahlulwe yaba zii-epochs ezimbini ezithi zona ziqulunqwe bubudala obahlukeneyo:
- I-Cretaceous esezantsi/yokuQala
Ubudala: iBerriasian, iValanginian, iHauterivian, iBarremian, iAptian, neAlbian. - I-Upper/Late Cretaceous
Ubudala: I-Cenomanian, iTuronian, iConiacian, iSantonian, iCampanian, kunye neMaastrictian.
[i-url enxulumeneyo=»https://infoanimales.net/dinosaur/iidinosaurs zasemanzini/»]
Ixesha lokugqibela leMesozoic liphawulwa ngokuhlukana kweGondwana. Ngexesha leCretaceous, kwavela iintlobo ezintsha zezinambuzane kunye nezityalo zentyatyambo zanda. Imbonakalo yeentlanzi zangoku zeteleost nazo zenzeka. Ngeli xesha, i-belemnites, ammonites, echinoids, sponges kunye ne-rudist bivalves zazixhaphake kakhulu. Ukongeza, iingwenya zanamhlanje kunye needinosaurs zomhlaba zavela: iiTyrannosaurids, Hadrosaurids, Titanosaurids, Carcharodontosaurids, Ceratopsids, Dromaeosaurids, Spinosaurids, Abelisaurids, Ankylosaurids, kunye neStegosaurids. Iipliosaurs, iimosasaurs, ookrebe bale mihla babonakala elwandle. Iimeko zeCretaceous zabangela ukuba kubekho iimarsupials, iimonotremes, kunye nezilwanyana ezincancisayo. Kuhlala kuqatshelwe ukuba Ngokuthe ngcembe ii<em>pterosaur zathatyathelw’ indawo ziintaka zamandulo.
I-Geology yeminyaka yeedinosaurs
I-Mesozoic imele isiganeko esenzeka kwinqanaba le-tectonic: ukuhlukana kwePangea. Eli lizwekazi lahlukana laziinxalenye ezimbini ngexesha leJurassic. Inxalenye esemantla yayibizwa ngokuba yiLaurasia kwaye indawo esemazantsi yiGondwana, nto leyo eyabangela uLwandlekazi lweAtlantiki. Ekupheleni kwexesha le-Mesozoic, ukuqhekeka okungakumbi kwakusele kwenzeke okwathi kwavela amazwekazi esiwaziyo namhlanje, phantse kwimeko yawo yangoku. UGondwana waba nguMzantsi Merika, iOstreliya, iAfrika, iAntarctica, kunye nelizwekazi laseIndiya. Le yokugqibela yangqubana ngexesha leCenozoic kunye nepleyiti yaseAsia. Ngelo xesha, iLaurasia yahlulwa yaba yiEurasia noMntla Merika.
Uluhlu lweentaba zeAndes lwaqala ukwenza ngexesha leJurassic kwaye lwathatha uhlobo lwangoku ngexesha leCretaceous. Esi siganeko sibangelwa kukuba ipleyiti yeNazca ithotywe ngaphantsi kwepleyiti yaseMzantsi Melika. Ngaphandle koko, ekupheleni kweli xesha iLaramide orogeny yaqala. Le yinkqubo yokwakhiwa kweentaba eqhubekayo ngexesha le-Cenozoic kwaye ekugqibeleni yenze iiNtaba zeRocky.
Imozulu yobudala beedinosaurs
Ngokuqhelekileyo, ixesha le-Triassic lalomile kwaye lamaxesha onyaka, ngakumbi kwindawo engaphakathi yePangaea ye-supercontinent. Ngenxa yobushushu obuphezulu, amanzi athatha umsebenzi wokuzinzisa ubushushu kunye nokugcinwa kobushushu. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, amazwe akufutshane namanzi amaninzi aye afumana ukuguquguquka okuncinane kwemozulu. Noko ke, inkoliso yelizwe lasePangea yayikude neelwandle, ngoko amaqondo obushushu ayahluka kakhulu. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba inxalenye engaphakathi yelizwekazi elikhulu ineendawo eziyintlango. Ngexesha leJurassic, umgangatho wolwandle waqala ukunyuka. Iingcali ziqikelela ukuba oku kwakubangelwa kukwanda kwezilwanyana zaselwandle. Kwakhona, iPangea yaqalisa ukuqhekeka. Oku kwakhokelela ekubeni imiphezulu idibane nolwandle. Ngokusondela kwamanzi, ukufuma kwaqala ukwanda kunye neentlango ekugqibeleni zarhoxa.
Ngaphandle kwazo zonke izifundo kunye nophando olwenziwe ziingcali, Isimo sezulu sexesha leCretaceous sihlala sisihloko esithandwa kakhulu. Iingcali ziqikelela ukuba imozulu ibifana kakhulu okanye ingaphantsi kwiplanethi yonke ngenxa yamanqanaba aphezulu ekharbon diokside. Babala ukuba ubushushu bomndilili bugqithise umndilili wangoku wobushushu malunga ne-10ºC. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba iqondo lobushushu lamanzi laliphakame kangangokuba imimandla ethile yomhlaba ekufutshane nawo yayiyintlango.
Ibhayoloji yeminyaka yeedinosaurs
Ekupheleni kwexesha lePaleozoic, ukutshatyalaliswa phantse zonke iintlobo zezilwanyana zenzeka. Esi siganeko savumela ukubonakala kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo zobomi ezazingekho ngaphambili. Uninzi lweendawo eziphila kuzo zashiywa zingenanto emva kokunyamalala kweenyamakazi ezinkulu zepaleozoic kunye nezilwanyana ezidla ukhula. Ngaloo ndlela, ngexesha leMesozoic. ukongamela kwezilwanyana yayiyeyama archosaurs amakhulu Baqala ukuvela emva kokuphela kobunzima bePermian-Triassic. Phakathi kwazo kukho iipterosaur, iidinosaur, nezirhubuluzi zasemanzini ezifana nemosasaur, iplesiosaur, kunye ne-ichthyosaur.
Ngenxa yotshintsho lwemozulu oluye lwenzeka ekupheleni kweJurassic nangexesha leCretaceous, iimeko zadalwa ezithanda ukuguquguquka kwemisebe. Kwakungexesha leJurassic ukuba kukho ukwahlukana okukhulu kwee-archosaurs. Kwakungelo xesha apho iintaka zokuqala kunye nezilwanyana ezanyisayo zaqala ukuvela.
[i-url enxulumeneyo=»https://infoanimales.net/dinosaurs/dinosaurs-herbivores/»]
Ngokuphathelele izilwanyana zasemanzini, esona sikhulu saqalisa ukunyamalala njengoko ubushushu bolwandle babusanda. Nangona kunjalo, ezincinci zaqala ukuvela. Phakathi kwazo kukho iinyoka, amacikilishe, mhlawumbi kwanangaphambi kweeprimates. Lo mkhwa uphuculwe emva kokuphela kobunzima beCretaceous-Tertiary. Njengoko ii<em>archosaur ezinkulu zanyamalala, izilwanyana ezanyisayo neentaka zaqalisa ukuchuma, unanamhla oku.
iintyatyambo kunye nezinambuzane
Ngexesha le-Cretaceous yokuqala, ii-angiosperms zaqala ukuhlukana kwazo kwiindawo ezishisayo. Ngenxa yeqondo lobushushu, baye bakwazi ukusasaza kwiipali ngexesha lexesha. Njengoko iCretaceous yafikelela esiphelweni, i-angiosperms yayiyeyona ntyatyambo ibalaseleyo yomthi kwiindawo ezininzi. Nangona kunjalo, kukho ubungqina obubonisa ukuba iicycas kunye neefern ziqhubekile zilawula i-biomass.
Ezinye iingcali zikholelwa ukuba ukuhlukana kwezinambuzane kwenzeka ngenxa ye-angiosperms. Bathi i-anatomy yezi zilwanyana zincinci ziqhelaniswe kakuhle nezityalo ezidubulayo, ngakumbi iindawo zomlomo. Nangona kunjalo, izinambuzane zazisele zine-anatomy yomlomo efanayo ngaphambi kokuba i-angiosperms isasazeke. Ukongezelela, ukwahlukana kwezi zilwanyana kwancitshiswa emva kokuvela kwezi zityalo. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, i-anatomy yokuqala yezinambuzane kufuneka iguqulelwe kwezinye iinjongo ezingekacaciswa.