Dinosaurs

Yintoni iidinosaurs kunye nenkcazo jikelele

Iphelile kwiCretaceous, kwiminyaka eyi-65 yezigidi eyadlulayo, iidayinaso ziye zathimba ingqalelo kwi-paleontologists encinci kwi-dinosaur. Akumangalisi ke ngoko zizidalwa ezimaphiko makhulu ukuba sonke sithanda ukucinga ukuba ngenye imini bazulazula ngokukhululekileyo kwiplanethi yethu. Imvelaphi yayo ibuyela emva malunga ne-240/230 yezigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo, yiyo loo nto yayizizilwanyana ezinomqolo. ilawula emhlabeni iminyaka eyi-165-175 yezigidi.

Nangona kunjalo Igama elithi dinosaur lithetha "icilikishe eloyikekayo" (eyayilwa nguRichard Owen), ayizange iziphathe njengezilwanyana ezirhubuluzayo njengoko sizazi namhlanje. Enyanisweni, indlela yabo yokuhamba ekuqaleni yayiyi-bipedal, kwaye nophando lwakutsha nje lubonise ukuba inokuba zizilwanyana ezinegazi elifudumeleyo. Nge-metabolism ephezulu, kude neyona nto ilindelekileyo kwisilwanyana esikhulu, baya kuba bekhulile kwaye beya kulungelelanisa ngokukhawuleza utshintsho kunokuba kulindelwe. Nditsho, basenokuba baphuhlise izakhono zentlalo, nto leyo eyayibenza baphile njengemihlambi. Isizathu esinokucacisa indlela ekuye kwafunyanwa ngayo amathambo ayo amaninzi.

Isishwankathelo seziqalo kunye nokubonakala kweedinosaurs

I-Eoraptor yayiyenye yeedinosaurs zokuqala ezikhoyo

Iidayinaso zavela ekupheleni kwexesha leTriassic. Ngaba inzala yee-archosaurs, ezo zingwenya neentaka ziphuma kuzo. Bavela kwiminyaka eyi-20 yezigidi emva kokuphela kobunzima obukhulu bePermian - Triassic, eyatshabalalisa i-95% yobomi obukhoyo emhlabeni. Akwaziwa ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba yintoni ebangele oku kutshabalala, kodwa ubomi bathatha ixesha elide ukuba buchache ngenxa yempembelelo enkulu obunayo.

Ixesha ababekho ngalo yayiyiMesozoic.Ikwabizwa ngokuba lixesha leedinosaurs. Isuka kwi-225 ukuya kwi-65 yezigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo. Ithatha inxalenye yeTriassic, kunye nayo yonke iJurassic kunye neCretaceous. Enye yeedinosaurs zokuqala yayiyi-Eoraptor, irhamncwa elinesibini. Ithathwa njengokhokho oqhelekileyo wazo zonke iidinosaur ezakha zakho. Ngexesha leJurassic, sinokufumana iidinosaurs ezaziwa ngokuba yiDiplodocus, eyayikho phakathi kwe-156 kunye ne-145 yezigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo. I-Tyrannosaurus Rex edumileyo yayiyenye yeentlobo zokugqibela ezikhoyo Endaweni yoko, yahlala ekupheleni kweCretaceous, phakathi kwe-68 kunye ne-66 yezigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo.

Ngelo xesha, imozulu yayishushu ngakumbi kunanamhlanje. Malunga ne-10 degrees ngaphezulu. Ugxininiso lwekharbon diokside amaxesha ama-4 ngaphezulu, mhlawumbi ngenxa yogqabhuko-mlilo olwalukho. Inxalenye esemhlabeni, zonke ezidityaniswe kwilizwekazi elinye, iPangea, ayizange ivelise unxweme oluninzi, ngoko ke ukuthamba kolwandle kwakungekho. Imozulu yelizwekazi yayisenza ihlobo libe shushu kakhulu, nobusika bubanda kakhulu.

Zazinjani iidinosaur?

Loluphi uhlobo lwe-morphology ezazinayo iidinosaur?

Lonke ulwazi oluqokelelweyo namhlanje luvela kwiirekhodi zefosili. Phakathi kwazo zinokuba ngamathambo okanye zingabikho, njengeenyawo, inkunkuma, iintsiba, ukubonakala kwesikhumba, kunye nezicubu ezithambileyo kunye nezitho zangaphakathi. Ngokulandelayo, ukuqonda kunye nokufumanisa indlela yokuziphatha kunye nebhayoloji, iinkalo ezahlukeneyo zesayensi ziyadlala. Ibhayoloji, ikhemistri, ifiziksi kunye nepaleontology ikakhulu. Phakathi kwazo zonke, kwiirekhodi ezifunyenweyo, sithatha njengereferensi yolwazi esinalo namhlanje lwezinye izilwanyana ezirhubuluzayo, iintaka, kunye nefiziksi yokuchaza i-biomechanics yazo, sinokuqonda ngokusondeleyo ukuba zazinjani.

Zazinkulu kangakanani iidinosaur?

Kuqaphelekile ukuba ubukhulu beedayinaso batshintsha phakathi kwamaxesha ahlukeneyo eyayikho kunye nommandla. Umzekelo, i-80% yeedayinaso ezifunyenwe kwi-Morrison Formation, kwintshona ye-United States kunye nalapho iifosili zokuqala zafunyanwa ngo-1877, zibonakaliswa nguStegosaurus kunye ne-sauropods. Eyamva yayinobunzima obumalunga neetoni ezingama-20, ibe zezona dinosaur zinkulu kwezakha zakho. Iifosili ezifunyenwe apho zezeJurassic.

Nangona kunjalo, izinto ezifunyenwe kutshanje ezifana nezo ze-2015 zibonisa ukuba ubungakanani beedinosaurs sele bukhulu kakhulu kunokuba bekucingelwa ngaphambili. Konke oku ngenxa yokufunyanwa eArgentina ngo-2015. I-skeleton entsha ye-dinosaur yafunyanwa, i-Ingentia Prima. Kuqikelelwa ukuba yayikhona phakathi kwe-228 kunye ne-201 yezigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo, kwi-Triassic. Kwakhona kuqikelelwa ukuba imilinganiselo yayo iya kuba malunga ne-8 ukuya kwi-10 yeemitha ubude, kunye nobunzima obuphakathi kweetoni ezili-9. Lo mgca omtsha ucacisa ukuba ngokuziphendukela kwemvelo, Iqhinga elenza ukuba iidayinaso zibe zizigebenga zazingaphambilana kunokuba kwakucingwa, enyanisweni, kwakuphantse ukubakho kwasekuqalekeni. Indida yokufunyaniswa kukuba kwakukholelwa ukuba ekuqaleni babebancinci, xa ngokwenene i-Ingentia Prima sisizathu sokuba le nkolelo ayikho.

Ukuthelekisa phakathi kwe-Ingentia Prima kunye nomntu

Uninzi lwamathambo eefosili akumbiwanga, kwaye uninzi lwazo zonke iintlobo zedayinaso ezakha zabakho azikafunyanwa okanye mhlawumbi azikafunyanwa kwanezisele zazo. Ubukhulu babo batshintsha kakhulu, njenge-Argentinosaurus enkulu, iPuertasaurus okanye esanda kufunyanwa Patagotitan, imilinganiselo yayo yafikelela kwiimitha ezingama-40 kwaye inobunzima beetoni ezingama-70. Ezinye, kwelinye icala, zincinci kakhulu, ezifana neCompsognathus, eyayikholelwa ngeminyaka yoo-90 ukuba yeyona dayinaso incinci, inomlinganiselo wemitha e-1 ubude kwaye inobunzima obuzikhilogram ezi-3-4. Kutshanje, nangona kunjalo, izinto ezintsha ezifunyenweyo ziye zasusa "ubunkokeli", kwaye neentlobo ezincinci ziye zafunyanwa. Umzekelo, i Hesperonychus, kunye nobukhulu beesentimitha ezingama-50, ubunzima beekhilogram ezi-2, kunye ne-bipedal morphology efana neCompsognathus.

ukuziphatha kwedayinaso

Njengoko iintaka, iingwenya kunye needinosaurs zihla kwi-archosaurs, kukho ukuvumelana okufanelekileyo ukuba ezininzi iimpawu zokuziphatha ziqhelekileyo. Ngokomzekelo, iintaka kunye nokuziphatha kwazo ekuhlaleni zihlala emhlambini. Ukutolikwa koku kuxhaswa yindlela ekufunyenwe ngayo iifosili ezininzi, ukuma kwamathambo, indawo yokuhlala, kunye nokulinganisa kwe-biomechanical ngekhompyutha.

Este ukuziphatha komhlambi Oku kwacaca kakade xa 1878 31 Iguanodon skeletons zafunyanwa kunye eBelgium. Ngaphandle kwezizathu ezikhokelele ekufeni kweqela, nokuba kukuwa, lixhoba kwenye idayinaso, njl. Into enomdla kukuba iidiphozithi ezinamaskeleton zohlobo olufanayo zifumaneka rhoqo. Ukongeza, enye imiqondiso yileyo yeenyawo zefossilized, eziqinisekisa kwakhona le ndlela yokuziphatha yobudlelwane kunye nentlalontle.

ingcaciso yendlela iidinosaur eziziphatha ngayo

[igqanyisiwe] I-crests kunye ne-ruffs yezinye iidayinaso zibonisa ukuba zinokusetyenziswa njengento yokutsala kunye neenjongo zesondo.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uhlaselo phakathi kwee<em>dinosaur lwaluxhaphakile. Kufunyenwe iintsalela zokulunywa komsila, kwaye kukho neefosili ezifana naleyo yeVelociraptor ehlasela iProtoceratops. Ezinye iifosili zihlala zibonakala zibonisa ukuba ubuzim phakathi kwezinye iindidi zezilwanyana bunokuba bukhona. Nangona kunjalo, iimpawu ezithile zahluke kakhulu phakathi kwazo, ngokuxhomekeke kwindawo yazo, ukutya, imilinganiselo, ukuhamba, njl. Into ebonakalisiweyo, ngokweentlobo esibhekisela kuzo.

iidinosaur zaselwandle

Izirhubuluzi ezinkulu zaselwandle zaphela kwiJurassic

Ngexesha leMesozoic, izilwanyana ezirhubuluzayo zazilawula ihlabathi. kwaye kwakukho iintlobo ezininzi. Bahlala kuzo zonke iindaba ezikhoyo ngoku: umoya, umhlaba kunye namanzi. Siqhele kakhulu ukuva malunga needinosaurs ezidumileyo zomhlaba ezifana neTyrannosaurus Rex okanye iVelociraptor. Nangona kunjalo, kwakukho nezirhubuluzi ezinkulu zasemanzini ezaziwa ngokuba ziidinosaurs zaselwandle.

Uninzi lwezi zilwanyana lwafikelela kumlinganiselo omkhulu kwaye inkangeleko yazo yenza uloyiko olukhulu. Ngaphandle koko sinokukholelwa namhlanje ngenxa yeJurassic World saga, iidinosaur zange zihlale elwandle. Noko ke, zikho nezinye izilwanyana ezirhubuluzayo zaselwandle. Kweli nqaku siza kuthetha ngomahluko phakathi kweedinosaurs zaselwandle kunye nezirhubuluzi zasemanzini kwaye siya kukunika imizekelo.

Iidinosaurs eziyingozi

Iidayinaso ezinokhula zinegastroliths

Sonke siyazi ukuba iidinosaur yayingamacikilishe amakhulu awayehlala emhlabeni kwizigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo. Igama elithi "dinosaur" livela kwisiLatini kwaye lithetha "icilikishe eloyikekayo". Ngaphandle komfanekiso oqhelekileyo esinawo ngezi zilwanyana njengezilo ezinkulu ezinamazinyo abukhali kunye nokunxanelwa igazi, abaninzi babo badla izityalo. Iidinosaurs zeHerbivorous zimele iqela elahluke kakhulu kwaye zineempawu ezahlukileyo kakhulu kwi-carnivores.

La macilikishe makhulu ayephezulu kwikhonkco lokutya ixesha elide, de kwabakho ukutshabalala kwawo ngobuninzi. Kweli nqaku siza kuthetha kancinci malunga neempawu eziqhelekileyo zeedinosaurs ze-herbivorous kwaye siza kunika imizekelo yabona bamele kakhulu.

inkulu idayinaso

Eyona dinosaur inkulu yayihlala ngexesha leCretaceous — Umthombo: Wikimedia – uMbhali: PaleoEquii

Nangona bekukho iidinosaur ezincinci, sihlala sizichaza njengezilwanyana ezirhubuluzayo ezinkulu ezaziphila kwizigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo. Kodwa nguwuphi owayengoyena mkhulu kubo bonke? Kwiminyaka yakutshanje impendulo ifunyenwe: Usodolophu wasePatagotitan. Iifosili zokuqala ezishiyekileyo zale titan zafunyanwa ngo-2014 kwaye zamkelwa ngabaphandi njengesona silwanyana sikhulu sakha sabakho. Baqikelela ukuba yayinokufikelela kwiimitha ezingama-37,2 ubude kunye nobunzima obuziitoni ezingama-69. Yafumana igama layo ngo-Agasti 2017 kwaye ithetha "iTitan yasePatagonia yosapho lwaseMayo".

I-Patagotitan mayorum kuphela kweentlobo ezaziwayo ze-genus Patagotitan, i-titanosaurian sauropod dinosaur. Yayiphila malunga ne-101 yezigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo, embindini wexesha leCretaceous, kuMzantsi Merika wangoku. Iintsalela zayo zafunyanwa kwiCerro Barcino Formation, eseArgentina Patagonia.

UDodo

Ekubeni i-dodo yaphela kwangoko, akukho nkcazo echanekileyo yesi silwanyana.

I-Raphus cucullatus, eyaziwa njenge-Dodo okanye i-Dronte, luhlobo olutshabaleleyo lwe-Raphinae subfamily. Yintaka engabhabhayo ebizwa ngokuba yi-columbiform eyayihlala kwisiqithi saseMauritius kuLwandlekazi lwaseIndiya. Esi silwanyana sihlobene namahobe aye ayeka ukubhabha ngenxa yokuqhelana nobomi basemhlabeni. Ukuphela kwedodo kwenzeka ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-XNUMX yaye kwabangelwa ngabantu.

Esona sizalwane sisondeleyo sofuzo sikaRaphus cucullatus yiRodrigues solitaire, eyayihlala kwiSiqithi saseRodrigues. Lolunye uhlobo lweentaka ezingabhabhayo ezingasekhoyo zosapho lwakwaRaphinae. Namhlanje, esona sizalwana sisondeleyo eDodo lihobe laseNicobar, intaka egqugqisayo ehlala kwezinye iziqithi ezikuLwandlekazi lwaseIndiya.

I-Apatosaurus

Namhlanje siza kuthetha malunga nohlobo lweedinosaurs ezazikho ngexesha leJurassic ngexesha leMesozoic. Yahlala malunga ne-155 yezigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo kwaye imalunga I-Apatosaurus. Olu hlobo lwaqala ukuchazwa ngonyaka we-1877 kunye nengcali ye-paleontologist eyaziwayo yaseMelika egama layo lingu-Othniel Marsh. Yenye yezona dinosaurs zaziwa ehlabathini lonke, kuba iyenye kwezimbalwa ezikwazileyo ukuba nefosili epheleleyo.

Kweli nqaku siza kukuxelela zonke iimpawu, indawo yokuhlala, ukutya kunye nokuveliswa kwe-Apatosaurus.

i-dunkleosteus

I-Dunkleosteus yayineepleyiti ezinamathambo ezazibonakala ngathi zizixhobo zokulwa

I-Dunkleosteus luhlobo olungasekhoyo lwe-arthrodirous placoderm fish. Yahlala malunga ne-380 ukuya kwi-360 yezigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo, ekupheleni kwe-Devonian. Iifossils ezininzi zolu hlobo zifunyenwe ePoland, eMntla Melika, eMorocco naseBelgium. Igama lesi silwanyana liqulunqwe ngegama lesiJamani elithi "dunkle", elithetha "ubumnyama", kunye negama lesiGrike lasendulo elithi "osteos", elithetha "ithambo". Igama elithi "Dunkleosteus" liya kuthi ke liguqulelwe ngokuthi "ithambo elimnyama".

Le ntlanzi yamandulo yagqama ngokuba nentloko exhobileyo enemihlathi enamazinyo afana nencakuba. Nangona ezinye iiplacoderms zinokukhuphisana nazo, I-Dunkleosteus namhlanje ithathwa njengenye yezilwanyana zaselwandle ezibulalayo neziyingozi kakhulu ezakha zakho. Uthathela ingqalelo into yokuba inokufikelela kumashumi amabini eemitha ubude kwaye inobunzima betoni, kusenokwenzeka ukuba ibiphezulu kwikhonkco lokutya ngaphakathi kwe-ecosystem yayo. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba wazingela zonke iintlobo zezilwanyana.

iidinosaur ezineentsiba

Abaninzi bayazi namhlanje ingcamango yokuba iidinosaur zazivelela zaba ziintaka. Kubhekiselwa kuyo "kwiJurassic Park" saga, kwiingxelo kunye nakwiimyuziyam. Izazinzulu ezininzi kunye neengcali zamandulo ziye zazama ukufumana indaleko yezi zirhubuluzi zinkulu zingasekhoyo. Nangona kunjalo, ngoku yonke into ibonakala ikhomba ukuba le thiyori iyinyani…

Iiprotoceratops

IiProtoceratops ezininzi zifunyenwe eMongolia

IProtoceratops luhlobo olungasekhoyo losapho lweProtoceratopsidae, elenziwe ziidinosaurs ezineempondo zokuqala. Noko ke, iiProtoceratops zazingenazo iimpondo ezikhule kakuhle. Yayilinganisa phakathi kwe-1,5 ukuya kwi-2 yeemitha, ubukhulu obufana nobegusha. Yahlala malunga ne-75 ukuya kwi-71 yezigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo, ekupheleni kweCretaceous, kwi-Asia yanamhlanje. Olona phawu luphawuleka kakhulu kolu tyani kukurhabula kwayo okukhulu entanyeni, ngokuqinisekileyo okuye kwanceda ukuzikhusela. Igama elithi "Protoceratops" livela kwisiGrike kwaye lithetha "ubuso obuneempondo zokuqala".

Ngo-1923, u-WK Gregory noWalter Granger bayichaza kwaye ekuqaleni yayithathwa njengokhokho othe ngqo we-ceratopsians yaseMntla Melika. Namhlanje Zimbini iintlobo ezaziwa ngokuba zezolu didi.: Protoceratops andrewis kunye Protoceratops hellenikorhinus. Ngeminyaka yoo-20, uRoy Chapman Andrews wafumana amaqanda efosili eMongolia. Ezi zaqala ukucingelwa ukuba zezeProtoceratops. Nangona kunjalo, kamva bavela kwi-Oviraptor.

mamenchisaurus

I-Mamenchisaurus mhlawumbi yayiyeyona sauropod enentamo ende eyakha yaphila.

I-Mamenchisaurus luhlobo lwe-mamenchisaurid sauropods. Yahlala kwi-163 ukuya kwi-145 yezigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo kwi-Asia yangoku, ekupheleni kwexesha leJurassic. Igama lakhe liguqulelwe ngokuthi "isilwanyana saseMamenchi". Kule dayinaso, zisi-9 iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ezaziwayo namhlanje.

Ngo-1954 kwafunyanwa iintlobo zokuqala zolu didi: iMamenchisaurus constructus. Ukususela ngaloo mzuzu ukuya phambili, kwavela ezinye iintlobo zeMamenchisaurus. Ngombulelo kuphando kunye nohlalutyo, kuyaziwa ukuba esi sirhubuluzi sikhulu samandulo sasisitya utyani.

ithropod

Uninzi lwe-theropods lwaludla kwaye lwavela ukuba lube yi-omnivorous.

I-Theropod yindawo engaphantsi kwe-saurischian dinosaur. ebonakala ngokuba namathambo angenanto kunye neminwe emithathu emacaleni. Nangona kunjalo, ngo-2017 inqaku liye laphinda labahlelwa kwiqela le-Ornithosceldia. Igama lokuqala elithi "Theropoda", ukusuka kwisiGrike, lithetha "unyawo lwerhamncwa".

Ekuqaleni, iidinosaur zale nxalenye yangaphantsi zazizingela. Nangona kunjalo, uninzi lwazo lwavela lwaba yi-omnivorous, insectivorous, herbivorous, kunye ne-piscivorous. Imbonakalo yayo yokuqala yayiphantse ibe zizigidi ezingama-232 kwiminyaka eyadlulayo, ekupheleni kwexesha leTriassic. Ngaphaya koko, zonke iicarnivores ezinkulu zomhlaba ukusuka kwi-Early Jurassic ukuya ngasekupheleni kweCretaceous zaziyiTheropods. Ngexesha leJurassic, oyena mncinane kulo mhlaba ungaphantsi waguquka waba ziintaka. Okwangoku, kukho malunga ne-10.500 yeentlobo eziphilayo eziwela ngaphakathi kwe-Theropod suborder.

I-Brontosaurus

Nangona iidayinaso zizintlobo zaphela ngokupheleleyo, kuye kwenzeka ukuba kufumaneke ulwazi olukhulu ngazo ngenxa yeerekhodi ezahlukeneyo zefosili. Namhlanje siza kuthetha ngeBrontosaurus. Yidayinaso eyenye eyaziwa kakhulu namhlanje. Ikwiqela leesauropods eziyinxalenye yeDiplodocidae. Igama lakhe liza...

Maiasaura

I-Maiasaura inembali yobomi eneenkcukacha kuzo zonke iidinosaurs.

I-Maiasaura luhlobo oluphelelweyo lwe-hadrosaurid ornithopod. Yayihlala ngoku kuMntla Merika ekupheleni kweLate Cretaceous, i-77 ukuya kwi-71 yezigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo, kwiCampanian. Ukuza kuthi ga namhlanje, inye kuphela indidi yolu hlobo eyaziwayo: Maiasaura peeblesorum. Xa amathambo ale dinaso afunyanwa eMontana, eUnited States, kwafunyanwa iintsalela zendlwane ecaleni kwazo. Kungenxa yoko le nto bayibiza ngokuthi "intaba yeqanda", eliguqulelwe lithetha "iNtaba yamaqanda". Oku kufunyenweyo kwaba bubungqina bokuqala bokuqinisekisa ukuba iidinosaur ezinkulu zazala kwaye zondla amantshontsho azo. Ukusukela oko yafunyanwa okokuqala le dinosaur, abantu abangaphezu kwama-200 bayo yonke iminyaka baye bafunyanwa.

Njengoko iintsalela zesi sirhubuluzi sangaphambili zafunyanwa kunye namaqanda amaninzi neendlwane zefosili, abo bafumanisayo bafuna ukuyibiza ngegama loomama. Igama elithi "Maiasaura" liphefumlelwe unkulunkulukazi ongumGrike "Maia", owaziwa ngokuba "ngumama olungileyo". Ukugxininisa le nyaniso, batshintsha isini kwaye babeka uhlobo lobufazi "saurus", oluya kuba "saura". Ukuguqulelwa, lithetha "icilikishe elingumama olungileyo". Igama lezilwanyana, "peeblesorum", lanikwa imbeko kwiintsapho zikaYakobi noJohn Peebles, abangabanini bomhlaba apho oku kufunyenwe khona.