- Iikati zasekhaya zanamhlanje zivela kwi-wildcat yase-Afrika yaseMntla Afrika, kungekhona kubantu baseMpuma Ekufuphi.
- Ukufika kweekati zasekhaya ngokwenene eYurophu kwenzeka malunga neminyaka engama-2.000 eyadlulayo, iqhutywa buBukhosi baseRoma kunye norhwebo lwaselwandle.
- Iikati ezininzi ezinxulunyaniswa neendawo zokuhlala ze-Neolithic yayiziikati zasendle zalapha, zaculwa kodwa zingafuywa.
- Iprojekthi ye-Felix kunye nezinye izifundo ze-genomic ziyaqhubeka nokucokisa ukuba kugqitywe nini kwaye phi ukugcinwa kweemazi.
Kangangamashumi eminyaka siye saphinda phantse ngaphandle kokucinga ibali elifanayo: iikati zafika eYurophu zikhapha amafama okuqala kwiminyaka eyi-10.000 eyadlulayo. Ngoku, uhlalutyo olubanzi lwe-genomic ye-feline archaeological uhlala lubonisa ukuba le ngcamango ayibambeli. Ubungqina obutsha bubeka i Imvelaphi yekati yasekhaya yanamhlanje kuMntla Afrika kunye nokwanda kwayo kulo lonke elaseYurophu kwiminyaka engamawaka amabini eyadlulayo.
Olu tshintsho lwescript aluncinci. Idatha esuka kwintsalela efunyenwe kwi IYurophu, iMeditera kunye noMntla Afrika Bacebisa ukuba iikati zethu zasekhaya "zingabafuduki bamva nje" kwilizwekazi laseYurophu. Ukufika kwabo ngobuninzi bekuya kwenzeka ngexesha lexesha ubukhosi baseRoma, ubukhulu becala kwiinqanawe zemithwalo nakwimixholo enxibelelene norhwebo nomkhosi, kwaye hayi kumanqanaba okuqala ezolimo njengoko bekucingelwa ngaphambili.
Uphononongo lwe-genomic olutshintsha imbali yekati
Umsebenzi omtsha, opapashwe kwiphephancwadi inzululwazi, isekelwe kwi uhlalutyo lweDNA yenyukliya inqwaba yeekati zakudala kunye nezasendle. I-consortium yezizwe ngezizwe yabaphandi abavela kumazwe ali-13, kuquka iSpain, ilandelelanise i-genome Iikati ezingama-70 ezivela kwiindawo ezingama-97 ze-archaeological ithatha ukuya kuthi ga kwi-11.000 leminyaka yembali, kunye ne-17 yeekati zasendle zangoku ezivela e-Itali, eBulgaria naseMntla Afrika.
Ngokungafaniyo nezifundo zangaphambili ezisekelwe kuphela kwi-DNA ye-mitochondrial, ngeli xesha i-genetic material ye-nucleus yeseli yahlalutywa, inika umbono opheleleyo ngakumbi womntu. Ngenxa yoku, izazinzulu ziye zakwazi ukwahlula ngokucacileyo phakathi kweekati zasekhaya kunye neekati zasendleInto ephantse ibe yinto engenakwenzeka ukuba ibonwe emathanjeni kuba amathambo awo ayafana.
Iziphumo zibonisa ukuba iikati zasekhaya zohlobo UFelis catus yenza iqela elahlukileyo ngokwemfuza kwaye ngokusondeleleneyo omnye komnye kunayo nayiphi na ikati yasendlePhakathi kwezilwanyana zasendle, isalamane sayo esisondeleyo asiyiyo i-wildcat yase-Eurasian (UFelis silvestris), ixhaphake kakhulu eYurophu, kodwa kunye Ikati yasendle yaseAfrika (Felis lybica)ngakumbi nabemi baseMntla Afrika.
Oku kufunyanisiweyo kuyayiqinisa ingcamango yokuba ukufuywa kwasekhaya okwenyani akuzange kwenzeke ngendlela exhaphakileyo kwi-Fertile Crescent 9.500 okanye 10.000 kwiminyaka eyadlulayo, njengoko bekucingelwa ngaphambili, kodwa endaweni yoko kwasekwa ukusuka ... Abemi baseMntla Afrika nangexesha lamva nje kunelo licetyiswe ziincwadana.
Ukusuka kuMntla Afrika ukuya eYurophu: indlela yekati yoBukhosi baseRoma
Esinye sezona zigqibo zichukumisayo zophando kukuba Iikati zasekhaya zavela eYurophu emva kwexesha kakhulu kunokuba bekulindelweEyona ntsalela indala yekati yasekhaya ngokucacileyo kwilizwekazi ihambelana nomntu ofunyenwe eMautern (eOstriya) owayephila phakathi kwama-50 nama-80 eminyaka ngaphambi kukaKristu, oko kukuthi, sele ekwimeko yamaRoma ngokupheleleyo.
Ngokusekwe kwireferensi kunye nezinye iziphumo ezilandelayo, ababhali baphinda baqulunqa umkhondo weentlobo: ukusuka kuluntu lweekati emantla e-AfrikaIninzi inxulumene neYiputa kunye neMaghreb, ikati yasekhaya yasasazeka kulo lonke elaseYurophu "ukususela kwixesha loBukhosi baseRoma." Umkhosi, abarhwebi, kunye neenqanawa eziziinkozo kukholelwa ukuba zisebenze njengezona zixhobo eziphambili zokusasazeka kwayo.
Enyanisweni, oku kuthetha ukuba iikati zethu zangoku azizange zikhaphe amafama okuqala e-Neolithic ekwandiseni kwawo kwilizwekazi lonke, kodwa afika kumawaka eminyaka kamva. ehamba ngeenqanawa ezaziwela iMediteraIinqanawa ezithwele ukutya okuziinkozo kunye nokunye ukutya zazisengozini kakhulu kwiimpuku, ngoko ke ukukhwela iikati zaseMntla Afrika kwaba luhlobo olusebenza kakhulu "lwesixhobo sokulawula izinambuzane zebhayoloji".
Iingxelo ezihlalutyiweyo zibonisa ukuba, ngenkulungwane yokuqala yeXesha Eliqhelekileyo. Ikati yasekhaya yayisele ikhona kumntla weYurophu kunye neBritish Isles.Ukwandiswa kwayo bekuya kuba ngokukhawuleza xa kuthelekiswa nobalo-maxesha olude lokuhlaliswa kwabantu kwilizwekazi, elithandwa lurhwebo kunye neendlela zomkhosi ezenziwe yiRoma.
Olu toliko ngokutsha luchitha umfanekiso omdala wekati ehamba ngokuthe chu ecaleni kwezolimo kunye nokufuya imfuyo evela eMpuma ekufutshane. Kunoko, umfanekiso wesilwanyana ubonakala unjalo kuxhaphake uthungelwano lobukhosi baseRoma ukuthatha umtsi oqinisekileyo kwaye ubekho rhoqo kumazibuko aseYurophu, izixeko kunye neendawo zokuhlala.
I-Neolithic, iCyprus kunye nezinye ii-enigmas: iikati zabamelwane, hayi izilwanyana zasekhaya
Ukuba iikati zasekhaya zafika eYurophu kuphela kwiminyaka eyi-2.000 eyadlulayo, ngaba iziphumo ze-Neolithic zamathambo ekati kwiindawo ezifana neCyprus, i-Israel, neTurkey, ezisukela kwiminyaka eyi-9.500, zingena njani kule ngxelo intsha? Isitshixo, ngokutsho kwabaphandi, silele ukwahlula phakathi kwezilwanyana ezifuywayo kunye nezilwanyana zasekhaya ngokwenene.
Kangangeminyaka, nanini na xa ikati ihlala ifunyenwe kwindawo ye-Neolithic ehambelana nokusebenza kwabantu, kwakucingelwa ukuba ziikati zasekhaya. Umzekelo we-iconic ngu Ukungcwatywa kweminyaka engama-9.500 ubudala eCyprusapho umntu wangcwatywa ecaleni kwenkakazi. Oko kufunyaniswe kwade kwatolikwa njengobungqina obucacileyo bokwenziwa kwasekhaya kwangoko.
Nangona kunjalo, uhlalutyo lwe-genomic lwe-Neolithic "iikati zasekhaya" zipeyinta umfanekiso owahluke kakhulu. Uninzi lwezi zilwanyana azihambelani UFelis catus, kodwa ku Iikati zasendle zase-Eurasia (UFelis silvestris) ababehlala kufutshane neendawo zokuhlala. Baye batsalwa ngobuninzi beempuku kunye nenkunkuma, kwaye kwezinye iimeko banokuseka uhlobo oluthile lobudlelwane bokunyamezelana nabantu, kodwa ngokwemfuza bahlala basendle.
Le meko ibonakaliswe kakuhle yinto ebizwa ngokuba yi "cat case yaseSardinian." Uphononongo ludiza ukuba inani lekati kweso siqithi lihlobene kakhulu Iikati zasendle zaseMntla Afrika kunokuba neekati zasekhaya zanamhlanje. Yonke into yalatha kumaqela abantu bakudala ababethutha iikati zasendle ngezikhephe kwaye bazikhulule kwiindawo apho bezingekho ngokwendalo, bevelisa iziqithi ezihlala iimazi ezihlala nabantu kodwa zingakhange zidlule kwinkqubo epheleleyo yasekhaya.
Ababhali bophononongo bagxininisa ukuba "ikati ye-archaeological efunyenwe kwindawo yasekhaya ayikho ikati yasekhaya." Ngapha koko, isiphithiphithi phakathi kweekati ezithotyiweyo kunye nabantu basekhaya ngokwenene uye waphenjelelwa ukufana okukhulu kwe-morphological phakathi kweefom zasendle kunye nezasekhayanto leyo eyenza kube nzima kakhulu ukwahlula kuphela kumathambo afunyenwe ekugrunjweni.
I-Mitochondrial DNA, ukuxutywa kunye nendima yeYiputa
Ngaphambi kokufika kwale datha entsha, izifundo ezininzi ezisekelwe kwi Mitochondrial DNA Baye balatha kwiCrescent yeFritile kunye neLevant yeMeditera njengeyona mvelaphi yekati yasekhaya. Nangona kunjalo, olu hlobo lokuhlalutya lubonisa kuphela umnombo womama kwaye alunikezeli umfanekiso opheleleyo we-genome, onokukhokelela ekubeni ukutolika okulahlekisayo kwiintlobo ezixutywe kakhulu, njengoko kunjalo ngeekati.
Umsebenzi wangoku ubonisa inyani «isiphithiphithi sofuzo"Ngamaxesha angaphambi kweRoma, iwaka leminyaka, iikati zaseYurophu, iikati ezivela empuma, kunye neNorth African felines interbred. Kunokwenzeka ukufumana izilwanyana ezinomnombo womama wasempuma kodwa kunye ne-genome, ngokubanzi, iphantse ifane ngokupheleleyo neye-wildcat yaseYurophu. Kujongwa kuphela kwi-DNA ye-mitochondrial, basenokuba babonakala beyinyani xa beyinyani. iziphelo ezifileyo zendaleko okanye abantu abangalawulekiyo abaxubana manqaphanqapha nezizwe zasemzini.
Kulo mongo, iYiputa iyaqhubeka idlala indima ebalulekileyo. Art, mummies, kunye nenkolo iconography uxwebhu ukuba ukuya Nge-1500 BC, ikati yayisele iyinxalenye yendlu yaseYiputa.ezinxulumene nezithixo ezifana neBastet kwaye zimelelwe njengelinye ilungu losapho. Idatha entsha ye-genomic ibonisa ukuba i-Nayile Valley kunye neNyakatho Afrika ngokubanzi inokuthi isebenze zombini njenge iziko lemvelaphi njengendawo "yokugqibelela" ukuziphatha kwasekhaya.
Kuyathakazelisa ukuba, ngokungafaniyo nento eyenzekayo nezinja ngokubhekiselele kwiingcuka, ikati yasekhaya ibonisa utshintsho olufihlakeleyo emzimbeni Xa kuthelekiswa nokhokho wayo wasendle: ubungakanani bobuchopho obufanayo, ubude bamathumbu obuthelekisekayo, kunye ne-anatomy ephantse ifane. Iiyantlukwano eziphambili zibonakala zilala kwizinto zokuziphatha: ubugwenxa obuncinci, ukunyamezela okukhulu kokuphila ngokuxinana okuphezulu, kunye nomthamo omkhulu wokuseka izakhiwo zentlalo. amaqhina ezentlalo kunye neemvakalelo nabantu kunye nezinye iikati.
Yonke le meko yinxalenye yophando olubanzi, i Iprojekthi kaFelixIkhokelwa nguClaudio Ottoni kwaye ixhaswa ngemali yiBhunga loPhando laseYurophu, iprojekthi, eyasungulwa kwi-2021 kwaye iqhube kude kube sekupheleni kwe-2026, ijolise ekubuyiseleni ngokuchanekileyo Imvelaphi kunye nokuvela kwekati yasekhayakunye nobudlelwane bayo noluntu ukusuka kwintsebenziswano yayo yokuqala ukuya kwimeko yayo yangoku njengesilwanyana sasekhaya sehlabathi.
UMntla Afrika njengesiqalo kunye nemibuzo evulekileyo
Ngokusekelwe kulwazi olukhoyo ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, abaphandi babonisa Umntla-ntshona weAfrika, phakathi kweTunisia neMorocconjengeyona ndawo inokwenzeka apho kwavela khona inani elisisiseko leekati zasekhaya zanamhlanje. Ukusuka apho, encediswa ziintshukumo zabantu kunye nothungelwano lwezorhwebo, a abemi abambalwa ngokwentelekiso Ibiya kwenza iYurophu, iAnatolia kunye neminye imimandla kwiminyaka nje embalwa.
Noko ke, eli bali kusekude ukuba liphele. Idatha eyongezelelekileyo yemfuzo evela [engacacanga] kufuneka ibandakanywe. IYiputa kunye nezinye iindawo eziphambilikwakunye nokwandisa inani leegenomes zamandulo nezanamhlanje ezihlalutyiweyo. Ababhali ngokwabo bagxininisa ukuba ukunqaba kwe-feline kuhlala kwiindawo ezininzi, ubunzima bokwabela iintlobo ezisekelwe kwi-bone morphology, kunye nenani elilinganiselweyo lee-genomes ezikhoyo zihlala ziyimiqobo ebalulekileyo.
Kuyo nayiphi na imeko, ubalo-maxesha olutsha sele lusivumela ukuba sikuchaze oko Abalimi be-Neolithic abazange bazise ookhokho beekati zethu ngqo eYurophuIzilwanyana ezazizula-zula kwiishedi zazo ubukhulu becala yayiziikati zasendle okanye ezithengwe kumazwe angaphandle ezigcina imeko yazo yasendle, nangona ezinye zisenokuba zikhe zathotywa okanye zisetyenziswe ngamathuba okulawula iimpuku.
Lo mbono ulungelelene ngakumbi uhambelana nombono wokuba ukufuywa kweemazi yayingesosiganeko esinye, esizimeleyo, kodwa a inkqubo entsonkothileyo neyohlukeneyo ngokwengingqiKwakukho amaziko okuqala onxibelelwano olusondeleyo phakathi kwabantu kunye neekati, njenge-Neolithic Levant okanye i-Pharaonic Egypt, kodwa iintlobo zasekhaya ezihlala kumakhaya ethu namhlanje zibonakala zivela, ngaphezu kwayo yonke into. isebe elithile le-wildcat yaseMntla Afrika ekwazileyo ukuzimisa nokwandisa kumaxesha embali.
Ijongwe kwiYurophu yanamhlanje, apho ikati sesinye sezilwanyana ezifuywayo zixhaphake kakhulu, oku kugqwetheka kwimbali kusinyanzela ukuba siphinde sicinge ngendima yayo: yayingengomdibanisi othuleyo wamafama okuqala aseYurophu ukusuka ekuqaleni, kodwa a iqabane elifike emva kwexesha eyaba yinxalenye yobomi bethu bemihla ngemihla xa impucuko yayisele ithengisa, ihamba ngeenqanawa, kwaye isakha ama-empires amakhulu. Mhlawumbi apho kukho inxalenye yokuzimela kwayo okudumileyo: kuninzi lwembali yethu ekwabelwana ngayo, ikati ayizange ihlale emthunzini wethu, kodwa yakhetha ukusondela kwaye ihambe phantse ngokuthanda, de, kwiminyaka engama-2.000 eyadlulayo, yagqiba ekubeni ihlale ngokusisigxina kumakhaya ethu aseYurophu.