Oonomeva banomdla kwaye bahlala bengaziqondi kakuhle izinambuzane ezidlala indima ebalulekileyo kwi-ecosystem yethu. Abantu abaninzi bafumana uloyiko okanye ukucaphuka kubo, ikakhulu ngenxa yokungaqiniseki malunga nokuziphatha kwabo kokuzikhusela. Umbuzo oqhelekileyo ovelayo ngulo: Ngaba oonomeva bayahlaba okanye bayaluma? Kweli nqaku libanzi, siza kuphendula lo mbuzo kwaye siphonononge imiba eyahlukeneyo enxulumene noonomeva, ukusuka kumasiko kunye nemikhwa yabo ukuya ekubalulekeni kwabo kwendalo.
Oonomeva
Ukuba besinokubuza ngesinye sezinambuzane ezinokusihlaba kakhulu, ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo impendulo besiya kuba ngoonomeva. Kwaye kukuba, esi silwanyana, sesinye sezinambuzane ezibhabhayo esinazo kakhulu xa kufika intwasahlobo nehlobo. Kodwa unomeva uphila unyaka wonke, nangona singayiboni.
Ukuba ufuna ukwazi iinkcukacha ezithe kratya malunga nolu hlobo lwe-hymenoptera, ukuba ufuna ukwazi ukuba zeziphi iimpawu zayo, zingaphi na iintlobo zoonomeva ezikhoyo emhlabeni, zitya ntoni, zizala njani, kunye nokunye okuninzi, musa ukuthandabuza ukujonga. koko sikulungiselele kona ngabo.
Iimpawu zoonomeva
Kukho iintlobo ezininzi zoonomeva ezithetha ngeempawu zabo kunokuba nzima kancinci kuba nganye ineempawu ezithile eziyenza ibe yodwa. Kodwa, zonke zibonakaliswa ngokuba namalungu amathathu ahluke kakuhle: intloko, i-thorax (mesosoma) kunye nesisu (i-metasoma). Ubungakanani bayo bunokuvela kwisiqingatha seesentimitha ukuya kwiisentimitha ezine ubude.
Kwinxalenye yentloko inikwe amehlo, ebizwa ngokuba yi-ocelli, ekwazi ukwahlula ukukhanya nobumnyama. Ukongezelela, ezinye zeentlobo zinamazinyo okuluma. Ikwanayo nee-eriyali ezenziwe ngamacandelo amaninzi.
Inezibini ezimbini zamaphiko. Kwelinye icala, ezimbini zikhulu kakhulu, ngelixa ezinye zincinci. Zombini izibini zidityaniswe yi "frenulum", ezizigwegwe ezizibambayo ukuze inqwelomoya ilingane. Noko ke, kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ezinye iintlobo zikanomeva azinayo le nto.
El Umbala woonomeva udla ngokuba mnyama kwaye tyheli, nangona, kuzo zonke iintlobo ezahlukeneyo, unokufumana i-hue ehlukeneyo phakathi kwabamnyama, abamdaka, obomvu, orenji kunye notyheli.
Okokugqibela, into eyoyikwa ngabantu abaninzi kukulunywa kukanomeva. Oku kuphela kwabasetyhini.
Indawo yokuhlala
Oonomeva bakhona phantse kuyo yonke indawo emhlabeni, kwaye zaziwa ngokukodwa kwiindawo ezinelanga, apho zakha khona iindlwane zazo, kumasebe okanye kwiziqu zemithi, kwiikona zezindlu, kwiindonga zemilambo, kwimingxuma...
Ngaphakathi kobukumkani boonomeva, kukho iindidi ezimbini ezinkulu, ezahlulwe kakuhle: kwelinye icala, oonomeva ababodwa, abangenalo ikoloni (nangona ngamanye amaxesha benza iindlwane, ezisetyenziselwa ukuvelisa kamva); kwelinye icala, ezo zentlalo, ezihlala kwiikholoni kwaye zihlala kwiindlwane.
Iindidi zonomeva
Usapho loonomeva lubandakanya ngaphezu kwe-200.000 yeentlobo ezahlukeneyo, kungekuphela nje oonomeva, kodwa neenyosi, iinyosi kunye neembovane. Kule meko, I-Hymenoptera yahlulwe kwi-Symphyta kunye ne-Apocrita.. Kwaye yi-Apocrita eyenza i-waps, iinyosi kunye neembovane.
Ngaphakathi kwabo uya kufumana aculeatas (izinambuzane ezinetyhefu yokuhlaba) apho uninzi loonomeva abaqhelekileyo bafunyanwa khona; kwaye isifunxi-gazi (Imibungu ikhula ngaphakathi okanye kumphezulu wesinye isilwanyana).
Ngokwenyani, abona onomeva baziwa kakhulu ngabo banegama lenzululwazi elithi Vespidae, kodwa eneneni aba liqela nje elikhulu kwaye sinokuthi i-taxonomy yeyona ilungelelanisiweyo kwezi zinambuzane. Ngaphakathi kwintsapho, sinokufumana ama-subgroups amabini: iibhatyi eziphuzi, kunye neentlobo ze-23 ezahlukeneyo; kunye nee-scooters, ezineentlobo ezingama-24. Ngoko ke, kukho phantse iindidi ezingama-50 zoonomeva oza kuzifumana (kunye nazo zonke esizishiya ecaleni).
Phakathi kwabo, abona onomeva baziwa kakhulu ngaba balandelayo:
- unomeva oqhelekileyo. Yeyona ixhaphakileyo eSpain naseYurophu, ebonakaliswa ngokuba mncinci (ngaphantsi kwe-2 centimeters), kunye nokuba nomzimba onemigca emnyama netyheli).
- Unomeva waseAsia. Ngenye yezona zinto ziyingozi kakhulu, ngoko ke igama lesidlaliso elithi "i-wasp ebulalayo", ezondla ezinye izinambuzane kwaye azinqikazi ukuhlasela.
- ivesti yesiJamani. Ifumaneka kakhulu eAfrika, eYurophu, eMelika, eOstreliya, eNew Zealand nakwezinye iindawo zaseAsia. Ayinako nje ukuhlaba (ngetyhefu enetyhefu kakhulu), kodwa inokuluma kwaye ishiye uphawu oluhle.
Ukutyisa ngoonomeva
La Ukondla ngoonomeva kuxhomekeke kwizinto ezimbini: ukuba umdala, okanye akanguye. Xa unomeva engumntu omdala, utya kakhulu incindi yeentyatyambo, nangona edla ngokutya iziqhamo ezivuthiweyo neziswiti. Noko ke, xa isengumbungu, ukutya kwawo kuyahlukahlukana, ekubeni sisilwanyane esiphila ngokugqibeleleyo, esitya ezinye izinambuzane, ziphila okanye zifile.
Oku akuthethi ukuba imizekelo yabantu abadala ayizingeli ezinye izilwanyana, inyaniso kukuba ikwenza oko ukususela ekukhuleni kwayo, kuba ijongene nokubonelela ngokutya kombungu ukuze ukhule. Ngesi sizathu, iqhelekile into yokuba ubone oonomeva bethatha ezinye izilwanyana bazise kwikoloni ukuze bazondle (okanye bazise ukutya kufutshane nemibungu abanayo).
ukuveliswa koonomeva
Njengoko besesitshilo ngaphambili, zikho amaqela amabini oonomeva, ezentlalo kunye yedwa. Kwaye kwimeko yokuzala, kwenzeka ngokwahlukileyo kakhulu phakathi kwabo.
Into emangalisa ngoonomeva kukuba bayakwazi ukulawula isini senzala yabo, ekubeni, ukuba oko bafuna ukuzalwa ngamadoda, babeka amaqanda angavundiswanga; ngokungafaniyo nokuba into abayifunayo ngabafazi.
Oonomeva bezentlalo: ukuzala kwabo
Kwi-social wasps, oko kukuthi, abo bahlala kwikoloni kunye nendlwane, ukuzala kwenzeka kuphela kwindlovukazi. Abaseleyo abananzala, nto leyo ethetha ukuba abayi kuba nabantwana.
Ngukumkanikazi kuphela onokudala ubomi obuninzi, kwaye yiyo loo nto edityaniswa yinkunzi enye okanye eziliqela. Idlozi ligcinwa ngulo unomeva engxoweni engaphakathi, yaye yiloo nto enokuba namawaka aliqela amaqanda ngokudibana nje kunye.
Ngoku, ngoSeptemba kuxa amadoda nabafazi abachumileyo bazalwe, kwaye injongo kukuba bahlangane kwaye bachume, kuba baya kuba yinzala yoonomeva benkosikazi, kwaye abo baya kusinda ebusika ukuya kuthi ga entwasahlobo, badale eyabo indlwane.
Oonomeva ababodwa kunye nenqanaba lokuzala
Kwimeko yoonomeva ababodwa, banokudibana neminye imifuziselo baze bachunyiswe, nangaphandle kokuba ngoonomeva bekumkanikazi.
Baya kubeka iqanda kwiseli nganye yendlwane, eya kuzaliswa ngokutya, emva koko bayitywine. Ngoko akuyi kubakho ubudlelwane phakathi kwabazali nabantwana. Xa loo unomeva ephuma, uya kuba ngumntu omdala kwaye uya kukwazi ukuzakhela indlwane kwixesha elizayo ukuze aqhubeke nokuzala.
Iintlobo zoonomeva eSpain: Ukuchongwa kunye neenyaniso ezinomdla
ESpeyin, oonomeva bayinxalenye ebalulekileyo yendalo ye-ikhosistim, idlala indima ebalulekileyo njengabahambisi bezityalo kunye nokulawula izinambuzane. Nangona kunjalo, banokuba yimbangela yokukhathazeka ngenxa yokuluma kwabo okubuhlungu. Kweli nqaku, siza kuphonononga nzulu ezona ntlobo zixhaphakileyo zoonomeva eSpain, iimpawu zabo kunye neenyani ezinomdla ngabo.
Iindidi zeNdlwana zoonomeva: Ukuchongwa kunye noThintelo
Oonomeva banomdla kodwa basoloko besoyika izinambuzane, ikakhulu ngenxa yokuhlaba kwabo okubuhlungu kunye nokuziphatha kokuzikhusela. Nangona kunjalo, zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kwi-ikhosistim yethu, nokuba zihambisa ipoleni okanye zitshabalalisa izinambuzane. Ukuze uhlale nazo ngendlela evisisana ngakumbi, kubalulekile ukufunda ukuzazi nokulawula iindlwane zazo. Eli nqaku liza kuphonononga ngokwahlukileyo iintlobo zeendlwane zoonomeva, iimpawu zabo, kunye nendlela yokuthintela iingxaki ezinxulumene nazo.
unomeva obomvu
Namhlanje siza kuthetha ngohlobo loonomeva onombala obomvu onzulu nowaziwa kakhulu ngenxa yalo mbala. Imalunga ne unomeva obomvu. Igama layo lenzululwazi ngu uCarolina kwaye yeye-oda Hymenoptera. Ithathwa njengohlobo olunomboniso kwaye ifumaneka ikakhulu eTexas naseNebraska.
Kweli nqaku siza kukuxelela zonke iimpawu, indawo yokuhlala, ukutya kunye nokuzala konomeva obomvu.
unomeva waseAfrika
I-hornet yase-Afrika yindibaniselwano yoonomeva abavela eBrazil kunye nabasuka eTanzania. Ngenxa yengozi, ezi ntlobo zimbini zixutywe kwaye zavelisa uhlobo olutsha, olunobundlongondlongo kwaye luyingozi kakhulu "kunabazali" babo.
Ukuba ufuna ukwazi ifayile ye- Iimpawu zoonomeva baseAfrika, yeyiphi indawo yayo ephambili, ukondla kunye nokuzala, sikulungiselele inqaku ukuze ufumane zonke iinkcukacha malunga nesi sinambuzane.
Ukuhlaba koonomeva
Izinambuzane zixhaphakile xa kufika intwasahlobo nehlobo. Nangona kunjalo, kukho ezinye ezithi, ngaphezu kokuqhelekileyo, ziyacaphukisa kwaye ziyingozi kwabaninzi. Sithetha ngoonomeva. I Ukulunywa ngoonomeva akukho serious ukuba nje awuchasananga nayo.
Ngoko ke, kubaluleke kakhulu ukwazi into emasiyenze xa isinambuzane esilolu hlobo sisiluma. Kwaye yile nto siza kuyixoxa namhlanje ukuze ube nesikhokelo esisebenzayo kwaye wazi indlela yokwenza.
Unomeva waseAsia
Esinye sezona zilwanyana "zangoku" kwaye esona soyikeka kakhulu, kungekuphela nje ngenxa yobukhulu baso kodwa nangenxa yomonakalo obangelwa kwezinye izilwanyana yi-hornet yaseAsia. Eyaziwayo kwihlabathi jikelele, kunye nemiphumo eyivelisayo, lo mzekelo uye wabonwa eSpeyin.
Ngoko ke, ukuba ufuna ukwazi injani ihornet yaseAsia, indlela eyahluke ngayo kwezona ziyaziwa kakhulu, into ekutyayo, apho ivela khona okanye ulwazi oluninzi malunga nayo, ungalibazisi ukujonga oko sikulungiselele kona.