Oonomeva

Ukuba besinokubuza ngesinye sezinambuzane ezinokusihlaba kakhulu, ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo impendulo besiya kuba ngoonomeva. Kwaye kukuba, esi silwanyana, sesinye sezinambuzane ezibhabhayo esinazo kakhulu xa kufika intwasahlobo nehlobo. Kodwa unomeva uphila unyaka wonke, nangona singayiboni.

Ukuba ufuna ukwazi iinkcukacha ezithe kratya malunga nolu hlobo lwe-hymenoptera, ukuba ufuna ukwazi ukuba zeziphi iimpawu zayo, zingaphi na iintlobo zoonomeva ezikhoyo emhlabeni, zitya ntoni, zizala njani, kunye nokunye okuninzi, musa ukuthandabuza ukujonga. koko sikulungiselele kona ngabo.

Iimpawu zoonomeva

Kukho iintlobo ezininzi zoonomeva ezithetha ngeempawu zabo kunokuba nzima kancinci kuba nganye ineempawu ezithile eziyenza ibe yodwa. Kodwa, zonke zibonakaliswa ngokuba namalungu amathathu ahluke kakuhle: intloko, i-thorax (mesosoma) kunye nesisu (i-metasoma). Ubungakanani bayo bunokuvela kwisiqingatha seesentimitha ukuya kwiisentimitha ezine ubude.

Kwinxalenye yentloko inikwe amehlo, ebizwa ngokuba yi-ocelli, ekwazi ukwahlula ukukhanya nobumnyama. Ukongezelela, ezinye zeentlobo zinamazinyo okuluma. Ikwanayo nee-eriyali ezenziwe ngamacandelo amaninzi.

Inezibini ezimbini zamaphiko. Kwelinye icala, ezimbini zikhulu kakhulu, ngelixa ezinye zincinci. Zombini izibini zidityaniswe yi "frenulum", ezizigwegwe ezizibambayo ukuze inqwelomoya ilingane. Noko ke, kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ezinye iintlobo zikanomeva azinayo le nto.

El Umbala woonomeva udla ngokuba mnyama kwaye tyheli, nangona, kuzo zonke iintlobo ezahlukeneyo, unokufumana i-hue ehlukeneyo phakathi kwabamnyama, abamdaka, obomvu, orenji kunye notyheli.

Okokugqibela, into eyoyikwa ngabantu abaninzi kukulunywa kukanomeva. Oku kuphela kwabasetyhini.

Indawo yokuhlala

Oonomeva bakhona phantse kuyo yonke indawo emhlabeni, kwaye zaziwa ngokukodwa kwiindawo ezinelanga, apho zakha khona iindlwane zazo, kumasebe okanye kwiziqu zemithi, kwiikona zezindlu, kwiindonga zemilambo, kwimingxuma...

Ngaphakathi kobukumkani boonomeva, kukho iindidi ezimbini ezinkulu, ezahlulwe kakuhle: kwelinye icala, oonomeva ababodwa, abangenalo ikoloni (nangona ngamanye amaxesha benza iindlwane, ezisetyenziselwa ukuvelisa kamva); kwelinye icala, ezo zentlalo, ezihlala kwiikholoni kwaye zihlala kwiindlwane.

Iindidi zonomeva

Usapho loonomeva lubandakanya ngaphezu kwe-200.000 yeentlobo ezahlukeneyo, kungekuphela nje oonomeva, kodwa neenyosi, iinyosi kunye neembovane. Kule meko, I-Hymenoptera yahlulwe kwi-Symphyta kunye ne-Apocrita.. Kwaye yi-Apocrita eyenza i-waps, iinyosi kunye neembovane.

Ngaphakathi kwabo uya kufumana aculeatas (izinambuzane ezinetyhefu yokuhlaba) apho uninzi loonomeva abaqhelekileyo bafunyanwa khona; kwaye isifunxi-gazi (Imibungu ikhula ngaphakathi okanye kumphezulu wesinye isilwanyana).

Ngokwenyani, abona onomeva baziwa kakhulu ngabo banegama lenzululwazi elithi Vespidae, kodwa eneneni aba liqela nje elikhulu kwaye sinokuthi i-taxonomy yeyona ilungelelanisiweyo kwezi zinambuzane. Ngaphakathi kwintsapho, sinokufumana ama-subgroups amabini: iibhatyi eziphuzi, kunye neentlobo ze-23 ezahlukeneyo; kunye nee-scooters, ezineentlobo ezingama-24. Ngoko ke, kukho phantse iindidi ezingama-50 zoonomeva oza kuzifumana (kunye nazo zonke esizishiya ecaleni).

Phakathi kwabo, abona onomeva baziwa kakhulu ngaba balandelayo:

• unomeva oqhelekileyo. Yeyona ixhaphakileyo eSpain naseYurophu, ebonakaliswa ngokuba mncinci (ngaphantsi kwe-2 centimeters), kunye nokuba nomzimba onemigca emnyama netyheli).
• Unomeva waseAsia. Ngenye yezona zinto ziyingozi kakhulu, ngoko ke igama lesidlaliso elithi "i-wasp ebulalayo", ezondla ezinye izinambuzane kwaye azinqikazi ukuhlasela.
• ivesti yesiJamani. Ifumaneka kakhulu eAfrika, eYurophu, eMelika, eOstreliya, eNew Zealand nakwezinye iindawo zaseAsia. Ayinako nje ukuhlaba (ngetyhefu enetyhefu kakhulu), kodwa inokuluma kwaye ishiye uphawu oluhle.

Ukutyisa ngoonomeva

La Ukondla ngoonomeva kuxhomekeke kwizinto ezimbini: ukuba umdala, okanye akanguye. Xa unomeva engumntu omdala, utya kakhulu incindi yeentyatyambo, nangona edla ngokutya iziqhamo ezivuthiweyo neziswiti. Noko ke, xa isengumbungu, ukutya kwawo kuyahlukahlukana, ekubeni sisilwanyane esiphila ngokugqibeleleyo, esitya ezinye izinambuzane, ziphila okanye zifile.

Oku akuthethi ukuba imizekelo yabantu abadala ayizingeli ezinye izilwanyana, inyaniso kukuba ikwenza oko ukususela ekukhuleni kwayo, kuba ijongene nokubonelela ngokutya kombungu ukuze ukhule. Ngesi sizathu, iqhelekile into yokuba ubone oonomeva bethatha ezinye izilwanyana bazise kwikoloni ukuze bazondle (okanye bazise ukutya kufutshane nemibungu abanayo).

ukuveliswa koonomeva

Njengoko besesitshilo ngaphambili, zikho amaqela amabini oonomeva, ezentlalo kunye yedwa. Kwaye kwimeko yokuzala, kwenzeka ngokwahlukileyo kakhulu phakathi kwabo.

Into emangalisa ngoonomeva kukuba bayakwazi ukulawula isini senzala yabo, ekubeni, ukuba oko bafuna ukuzalwa ngamadoda, babeka amaqanda angavundiswanga; ngokungafaniyo nokuba into abayifunayo ngabafazi.

Oonomeva bezentlalo: ukuzala kwabo

Kwi-social wasps, oko kukuthi, abo bahlala kwikoloni kunye nendlwane, ukuzala kwenzeka kuphela kwindlovukazi. Abaseleyo abananzala, nto leyo ethetha ukuba abayi kuba nabantwana.

Ngukumkanikazi kuphela onokudala ubomi obuninzi, kwaye yiyo loo nto edityaniswa yinkunzi enye okanye eziliqela. Idlozi ligcinwa ngulo unomeva engxoweni engaphakathi, yaye yiloo nto enokuba namawaka aliqela amaqanda ngokudibana nje kunye.

Ngoku, ngoSeptemba kuxa amadoda nabafazi abachumileyo bazalwe, kwaye injongo kukuba bahlangane kwaye bachume, kuba baya kuba yinzala yoonomeva benkosikazi, kwaye abo baya kusinda ebusika ukuya kuthi ga entwasahlobo, badale eyabo indlwane.

Oonomeva ababodwa kunye nenqanaba lokuzala

Kwimeko yoonomeva ababodwa, banokudibana neminye imifuziselo baze bachunyiswe, nangaphandle kokuba ngoonomeva bekumkanikazi.

Baya kubeka iqanda kwiseli nganye yendlwane, eya kuzaliswa ngokutya, emva koko bayitywine. Ngoko akuyi kubakho ubudlelwane phakathi kwabazali nabantwana. Xa loo unomeva ephuma, uya kuba ngumntu omdala kwaye uya kukwazi ukuzakhela indlwane kwixesha elizayo ukuze aqhubeke nokuzala.